gymwjg weÁvbx‡`i Avwe¯‹vi Ò‰ZRmcÎ Ges AvmevecÎÓ

1| Uz_‡có : cvim¨ m½xZÁ I d¨vkb wWRvBbvi wmwiqve 9g kZvãx‡Z GKRvZxq Uz_‡có D™¢veb K‡ib hv wZwb mgMÖ BmjvwgK †¯úb G RbwcÖq K‡i †Zv‡jb| GB Uz_‡có Gi cÖK…Z DcKiY ARvbv| wKš‘ RbkÖæwZ Av‡Q †h GB Uz_‡có-Gi Kvh©KvixZv fvj wQj Ges ¯^v‡`I g‡bvig wQj| Z‡e GUv Rvbv †bB †h GB cÖv_wgK Uz_‡có¸‡jv e¨envi Gi mgq Lvwj †cóB e¨eüZ nZ bvwK Kvco Øviv `uv‡Zi Dci gvRv n‡Zv bvwK cÖvPxb Uz_eªvk mn‡hv‡M e¨envi n‡Zv- †hgb bx‡gi Wvj Ges †gmIqvK BZ¨vw`| mvaviY fv‡e Uz_‡có ev Uz_ cvDWvi Gi e¨envi mvavi‡b¨ Av‡m Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z|

2| Kwd : RbkÖæwZ Av‡Q †h Lvwj` bv‡gi GKRb Avie Bw_Iwcqvi Kvddv bvgK ¯’v‡b Zuvi QvMj Pivw”Q‡jb| wZwb jÿ Ki‡jb, Zuvi QvMj¸‡jv GKwU we‡kl ai‡Yi Rvg ev mxg (beans) RvZxq dj †L‡q AwaK cÖvYešÍ I m‡ZR n‡q DV‡Q| wZwb H mxg¸‡jv wm× K‡iB cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡jb c„w_exi cÖ_g Kwd| GB Kwd cv‡bi BwZnvmwU cÖ_g G‡m‡Q B‡q‡gb †_‡K| †mLv‡b gymjgvbMY ivwÎ †R‡M Bev`Z Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Bw_Iwcq Kwdi cvbxq cvb Ki‡Zb| ewbK I Kvh©Ki KZ©„K-Gi Kwd B‡q‡gb †_‡K g°v I Zzi¯‹ hvi cÂ`k kZvãxi †klfv‡M| AZ:ci Bsj¨v‡Û cÖ‡ek K‡i 1650 wLª÷v‡ã| Aviex kã ÒAvj-KvnIqvÓ ZzK©x‡Z fvlvi ÔKv‡iÕ Ges cieZ©x‡Z BUvjxi‡Z ÔKv‡dÕ Ges †klZg Bs‡iRx‡Z ÔKwdÕ‡Z iƒc †bq|

3| Kv‡cU© : hw`I Bmjv‡gi A‡bK Av‡MB ÔKv‡c©UÕ-Gi AvMgb Z_vwc Avie¨, cviwmK I Avbv‡Zvjxq †e`yCb DcRvZxq‡`i eybbK…Z Avw` Kv‡cU©‡KB gymjgvbMY DbœZ eybb I iÄb †KŠkj Ges bKkv I KviæKv‡h©i DrKl©Zv Øviv we‡k¦ RbwcÖq K‡i †Zv‡jb| gymjgvbM‡Yi Kiv KviæKvh© gwÛZ Kv‡c©U¸‡jv cieZ©x‡Z BD‡iv‡c Pvjvb nq Øv`k kZvãx‡Z|

4| †cÛzjvg: †cÛzjvg Avwe®‹…Z n‡qwQ‡jv Be‡b BDbym KZ©„K whwb wgk‡ii ÔdvwZwg ev`kvn Avwhh wejøvn I nvwKg web Avgwijøvn Dbv‡`i kvmbvaxb wQ‡jb| †cÛzjvg-Gi Avwe®‹viB mgq cwigvc Gi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq Gi †`vjb cwigvc-Gi gva¨‡g| Zvi ÔwmRyj AvKei Avj- nvwKgxÕ bvgK we¯§qKi iPbvwU hv Zvi m¤§vwbZ c„ô‡cvlK nvwKg we Avgwijøvn-Gi Gi bvgvbymv‡i †`qv, G welq wb‡q GKwU gvóvicxm hv U‡jgxi KvR‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i| Igi ˆLqvg KZ©„K GwU cvim¨ fvlvq Abyw`Z nq 1079 mv‡j|

5| K¤úvm t bvweK‡`i K¤úvm Avwe®‹vi weÁv‡bi RM‡Z gymjgvb‡`i GKwU AeavwiZ Ae`vb| GB K¤úvm-Gi Avwe®‹vi mgy`ªwfwËK evwb‡R¨ I RvnvR hvÎvq GKwU wecøe e‡q wb‡q Av‡m Ges bZzb f‚wgi I cY¨`ª‡e¨i AwaK evRvi mÜv‡bi Rb¨ Sb&Sv weÿzä mgy`ª P‡Q †eov‡bvi KvR mnR K‡i †`q| Pz¤^K kjvKvi ag© wfwËK Ávb Av‡MB wQj wKš‘ Zv‡K Kvh©Ki AvK…wZ‡Z, bvweK‡`i K¤úv‡mi ‡Pnvivq wb‡q AvmvUv wQj gymwjg ˆeÁvwbK‡`i

GKwU hyMvšÍKvix Ae`vb| K¤úvm Avwe®‹vi Gi †cQ‡bi g~j m~ÎwU nq‡Zv ev bvgv‡hi wK¡ejv wba©vi‡Yi R‡b¨B n‡qwQ‡jv|

6| †Uwj‡¯‹vc t Ô†Uwj‡¯‹vcÕ Avwe®‹viK wnmv‡e Avey nvmvb we‡kl fv‡e ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb| hv wZwb eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e ÒGKwU wUDe (bj) hvi †kl cÖv‡šÍ Wv‡qvc&Uvm© mshy³ i‡q‡Q|Ó

7| k¨v¤úy t Ihy-†Mvmj I †avqv-†gvQv gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ Ab¨Zg ag©xq cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi hvi Kvi‡YB m¤¢eZ: Zuviv mvevb DcKi‡Y ˆZwi‡Z `ÿZv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| †h mvevb Avgiv Av‡Rv e¨envi Kwi| gymwjgMYB cÖ_g mvevb ˆZwi K‡ib Ô†fwR‡Uej I‡qjÕ I jebRvZxq c`v_© ÔAvjKvjxÕ‡K GK‡Î wm× K‡i c‡i k³ K‡i wb‡q 1759 wLª÷v‡ã, †kL `xb gyn¤§` bvgxq GKRb fviZxq gymwjg fvi‡Zi ÔPv¤úxÕ bvgK wPwKrmv‡K Bsj¨v‡Û RbwcÖq K‡i †Zv‡jb| †mB myev‡` wZwb ivRvi k¨v¤úywqs mvR©b c‡` wb‡qvMcÖvß nb| wKwÂZ wZj Gi †Zj wbb| Zv‡Z cUvk G¨vj‡Kjx I mvgvb¨ †jeyi im †gkvb| R¡vj w`b| Gi c‡i Quv‡P †d‡j wb‡iU mvevb wbb|

8| cv_i †_‡K KuvP cÖ¯‘wZt cv_i †_‡K KuvP cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ Be‡b wdibvm weL¨vZ n‡q‡Qb| wZwb A‡bKUv cø¨v‡bUvwiqvg Gi gZ K‡i Zvi evm¯’vbwU wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb hvi †fZi †_‡K AvKv‡ki Zviv I †gN GgbwK we`y¨r PgKI †`Lv †hZ| BwZnvmwe` wdwjc wnwÆ-Gi g‡Z, Avie BwZnv‡m Be‡b wdibvmB wQ‡jb cÖ_g e¨w³ whwb AvKv‡k DÇqb e¨vcv‡i ˆeÁvwbK cÖ‡Pôv Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi DÇqb hš¿cvwZi g‡a¨ wQj cvj‡Ki ˆZwi WvbvIqvjv GKwU hš¿we‡kl hv Zv‡K nvIqvi g‡a¨ A‡bK `~i ch©šÍ enb K‡i wb‡q wM‡qwQj| Dovj w`‡q wZwb AvnZ n‡qwQ‡jb †Kbbv Zvi †cvkv‡K †Kvb †jR wQj bv|

9| e›`yK I eviæ`t e›`yK I eviæ` Avwe®‹viK wnmv‡e gxi d‡Zn Djøvn Lvb-Gi bvg BwZnv‡m cwiwPZ| Pxbviv cÖ_g eviæ` Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jv e‡j †h aviYvwU cÖPwjZ Zv HwZnvwmK M‡elbvq †Uu‡K bv| ÔAvie mf¨ZvÕ (arab civilization) bvgK MÖš’ -Gi cÖ‡bZv e‡jb, Òeviæ` wQj Avie‡`i GKwU we‡kl Avwe®‹vi †Kbbv Zviv Av‡M †_‡KB e›`yK e¨envi KiwQ‡jv|Ó AvieMY 1350 wLª÷v‡ãB e›`yK e¨envi K‡i Avj-evnmyi Gi cÖwZiÿvq hv wKbv dª¨vbR&Wj KZ…©K Aeiæ× n‡qwQ‡jv| AvieMY KZ©„K eviæ` Avwe®‹vi Gi welq Wijxeb Gi e³e¨wU W. ¯‹U KZ…©K Zvi cwiwPZ MÖš’ Ôwn÷ªx Ae `¨v gywik G¤úvqvi &Bb †¯úbÕ G AwaKZi mg_©b jvf K‡i|

10| Nwo t KyZzex me©cÖ_g Nwo ˆZwi K‡ib, whwb wQ‡jb Zvi mg‡qi weL¨vZ Nwo cÖ¯‘ZKviK| AveŸvmxq kvmbvg‡j Nwoi e¨envi RmwcÖq n‡q D‡V Ges GKevi Lwjdv nviæb-Ai-iwk` Zuvi mgmvgwqK divmx m¤ªvU Pvwj©gvBb‡K Dcnvi wnmv‡e GKwU Nwo †cÖiY K‡ib| †m mg‡q BD‡iv‡c Nwo‡K GKwU AwfRvZ mvgMÖx wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv Ges we¯§qKi GKwU Dcv`vb wnmv‡e mgxn Kiv n‡Zv| evM`v` Gi mycwiwPZ gymZvbmvixqv wek¦we`¨vjq GKwU Ac~e© Nwo msiwÿZ wQj hvi AvKv‡ki gZ bxj GKwU Wvqvj wQj, Ges GKwU m~h© ¯’vwcZ wQj hv Gi Dci w`‡K

µgvMZ mgq wb‡`©kbv K‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡Zv| weL¨vZ D`©y mvwnwZ¨K gvIjvbv wkejx `v‡g¯‹ bMixi GKwU Nwoi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb G fv‡e- ÒNwowU ivLv wQj †`qv‡ji GKwU `iRvq| Gi g‡a¨ wQj wcZ‡ji cvZ Ges eviwU `iRv| cÖ_g Ges †kl cv‡Z GKwU K‡i CMj (ev`yo) emv wQj| G‡KK N›Uv †kl n‡j GB `ywU CMj Zvgvi cv‡Z ï‡q coZ Avi Zv‡Z GKwU aŸbxi m„wó n‡Zv- hv Øviv mgq eySv †hZ| eviUv evR‡j me¸‡jv `iRvB eÜ n‡q †hZ| evieviB GB c×wZ wUi cybive„wË NUwQj| cvwb Nwoi e¨enviI BmjvwgK iv󪸇jv‡Z mvaviYfv‡e cÖPwjZ wQj| GKRb BD‡ivcxq †jLK gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÒAvieMY ÔA‡Uv‡gUvÕ (¯^qswµq) c×wZ Gi mvnv‡h¨ †K¬cwmWv ev cvwb Nwo cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Y `ÿ wQj|Ó

11| mvevb Ges KvMR t mvevb Ges KvMR cÖ_g Avwe¯‹…Z nq BDmyd web Dgi-Gi nv‡Z| mvevb Avwe¯‹v‡ii K…wZZ¡wU Avie¨ imvqbwe`M‡YiB cÖvc¨ hv Dbviv c„w_ex‡K Dcnvi w`‡qwQ‡jb| BDmyd web Dgi KZ…©K gymwjg we‡k¦ me©cÖ_g KvMR cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq evM`v‡` 794 wLª÷v‡ã| Avie we‡k¦ Drcvw`Z KvM‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb BD‡iv‡c cÖ¯‘Z KvMR-Gi PvB‡Z DbœZZi wQj| gymjgvbMY e¯¿ Drcv`‡b Ac~e© `ÿZv I iæwPi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i †¯ú‡b Zv‡`i eybb Kiv e¯¿m¤¢vi ej‡Z wM‡j mgMÖ we‡k¦i eo evRvi¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq hv AwZ m~² Ges wUKmB wnmv‡e MY¨ wQj|

12| SY©v Kjg t wgkixq myjZvb Avj-gyqx¾vb Gi wb‡`©‡k 953 wLª÷v‡ã SY©v Kjg Gi D™¢e N‡U| wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb Ggb GKwU Kjg hvi Rb¨ Avjv`v Kvwji †`vqvZ Gi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv Ges hv nvZ I Kvc‡o `vM †dj‡e bv| Kvwj mi‡e ZLbB hLb wjLvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| GB Kj‡gi Kvwj GKwU Avav‡i msiwÿZ _vK‡Zv hv gva¨vKl©Y I K¨vwcjvix c×wZi mswgkÖ‡b wb‡e Kvwj mieivn Ki‡Zv| Avw` SY©v KjgB AvR‡Ki mg¯Í Kj‡gi g~j wfwË|gnvb Avjøvn cvK wZwb PvB‡j GUv m¤¢e n‡e|

13| Jla t gymwjg weÁvbxMY KZ…©K wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi M‡elbvi BwZnvm beg kZvãxiI cyi‡bv hLb gymwjg weÁvbxMY cÖ_g nvmcvZvj I †QvU †QvU Jla weµq‡K›`ª ¯’vcb K‡ib| ZuvivB cÖ_g Avf¨šÍixY †mjvB †KŠkj D™¢veb K‡ib| ˆkj¨ wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Ac~e© me hš¿cvwZi bKkv K‡ib| †flR we`¨v I wPwKrmv we`¨vi DbœwZ mvab K‡ib hvi g‡a¨ Ônvo mgš^qÕ I ÔK›Uªv± Acv‡ikbÕI AšÍfz©³|

14| †PK t Aviex Ômv°Õ Gi AvaywbK iƒc n‡”Q †PK (cheque) hv `ªe¨mvgMÖx mieiv‡ni wfwˇZ A_© cwi‡kva-Gi GKwU wjwLZ `jxj| KuvPv UvKv en‡bi SzwK I Sv‡gjv Gov‡bvi Rb¨B mv°-Gi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| DbœZ gv‡bi e¨vswKs c×wZi Aax‡b beg kZvãx‡Z GKRb gymjgvb e¨emvqx evM`v‡` Zuvi wbR e¨vs‡K RgvK…Z A_© Px‡b e‡m Ômv°Õ-Gi mvnv‡h¨ fv½v‡Z cvi‡Zb| Ôwej Ae G·‡PÄÕ, Ômv°Õ ev Ô †PKÕ Gi e¨envi Gi Øviv gymwjgMY e¨emv‡q cyuwR wb‡qvM I AvšÍ:gnv‡`kxq evwYR¨‡K m¤¢e K‡i †Zv‡jb|

15| cvZb c×wZ t †h c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ Zij c`v_©‡K ùzUbvs‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ c„_K Kiv m¤¢e nq Zv‡K cvZb c×wZ ejv nq, hv 800 wLª÷v‡ãi w`‡K Bmjv‡gi kxl© weÁvbx hvexi Be‡b nvBqvb K…Z©K Avwe¯‹…Z nq| wZwbB ÔAvj †KgxÕ‡K imvq‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡ib Ges A‡bK¸‡jv †gŠwjK c×wZ I h‡š¿i Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib hv Av‡Rv e¨eüZ n‡”Q| ZijxKiY, †Kjvmb, cvZb, cwi‡kvab, Rvib, ev¯úxKiY I QvKbxKiY| mvjwdDwiK GwmW I bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi Avwe¯‹i Gi cvkvcvwk wZwb ÔAv‡jgweKÕ bvgK cvZ‡bi cv‡Îi D™¢veb K‡ib, hv cvZb ev cwi‡kvab BZ¨vw` Kvh© e¨eüZ nq| hvi Øviv wZwb c„w_ex‡K Dcnvi w`‡jb Mvo †Mvjvc cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ myMÜx `ªe¨mg~n Avi Gj‡Kvnj cvbxq (hw`I Zv cvb Kiv Bmjv‡g nvivg, m¤ú~Y© wb‡la)| Be‡b nvBqvb c×wZMZ cixÿv bxwiÿvi Dc‡i †Rvi †`b Ges wZwb AvaywbK imvqb Gi D™¢veK|

16| µ¨v¼k¨vd&U I AvBwm BwÄb t Bwćbi g‡a¨ µ¨vsKk¨vd&U n‡”Q GKwU hš¿vsk hv N~Y©vqgvb MwZ‡K m¤§yL avegvb MwZ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| GwU ïay Avf¨šÍixY Kg&evm&kb Bwćbi Rb¨B bq, eis c„w_exi Zver h‡š¿i †K›`ªwe›`y‡ZB GB cÖ_v we`¨gvb| GwU gvbe BwZnv‡m hš¿ †KŠk‡ji GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Avwe¯‹vi hv K‡iwQ‡jb Avj Rvevix bvgK GKRb gymjgvb cÖ‡KŠkjx| †mPKv‡h©¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb‡K D‡Ëvjb Gi Rb¨ wZwb GwU K‡ib| Zuvi 1206 mv‡ji Ôb‡jR Ae Bb‡Rwbqvm †gKvwbK¨vj wWfvB‡RmÕ MÖš’ †_‡K Av‡iv Rvbvq hvq †h, wZwb fvje I wcób Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| A_ev ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib Ges cvwb I IRb PvwjZ c„w_exi cÖ_g w`‡Ki hvwš¿K Nwo D™¢veb K‡ib| wZwb †iv‡evwUKm GiI cÖ‡YZv| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ 50wU Avwe¯‹vi Gi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv Kw¤^‡bkb Zvjv|

17| evMvb t ga¨hyMxq BD‡iv‡c iÜbkvjv I †flRe„‡ÿi evMvb we`¨gvb wQ‡jv wKš‘ AvieivB evMvb‡K ˆbmwM©K †mŠ›`h© I a¨v‡bi ¯’v‡b DbœxZ K‡ib| GKv`k kZvãx‡Z BD‡iv‡c cÖ_g ivRKxq cÖ‡gv` evMvb D‡b¥vwZ nq gymwjg †¯ú‡b| gymjgvb‡`i evMvb †_‡K †hme dz‡ji m„wó, Kvi‡bkb Ges wUDwjc Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg|

18| DBÛwgj t GKRb cvim¨ Ljxdvi e¨envi Gi Rb¨ cÖ_g DBÛwg‡ji Gi D™¢veb nq 634 L„óv‡ã hv km¨ gvovB I ‡m‡Pi cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi Kv‡R e¨eüZ n‡Zv| Avie Gi wekvj giæf~wg‡Z hLb †gŠmygx bni ¸‡jv hLb ïwK‡q †h‡Zv ZLb kw³i GKgvÎ c_ Drm¨ wQ‡jv †eMevb nvIqv hv GKB wbkvbvq gv‡mi ci gvm a‡i cÖevwnZ n‡Zv| H wgj¸‡jv‡Z 6wU ev eviwU K‡i cvLv _vK‡Zv †h¸‡jv e¯¿vw` A_ev Zvj cvZv w`‡q †gvov‡bv _vK‡Zv| GB wgj ¸‡jv BD‡iv‡c †`Lv cÖ_g wgj¸‡jvi 500 eQ‡iiI Av‡Mi|

19| KvM‡Ri KviLvbv t 18 kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K Avj gvbmyi Gi †`ŠwnÎ Lwjdv nviæi Avi iwk` evM`v‡` cÖ_g KvM‡Ri KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡ib| hv wQj Dbvi ivR‡Z¡ wØZxq| ‡ReŸvi Gi g‡Z cÖ_g KviLvbvwU ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj mgiL‡›` Pxbv BwÄwbqvi‡`i Øviv hv‡`i‡K ga¨ Gwkqvq Wvjvm-Gi hy‡× ew›` Kiv n‡qwQj cÖvq 750 Cmvqx-Gi w`‡K| evM`v‡`i KvMR KviLvbv D‡Øvab nevi ciciB ej‡Z ‡M‡j mgMÖ cÖavb cÖavb gymwjg kni¸‡jv‡Z

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20| Ô¯^‡M©i cÖvšÍi I i‡Z¥i LwbÕ t Avey Avj nvmvb Avjx Be‡b Avj ûmvBb Be‡b Avj gvmD`| Rb¥ 896 Cmvqx, evM`v`| weQvj †m‡Þ¤^i 956 Cmvqx| Kvq‡iv, wgki| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb Avie BwZnvmI f‚‡Mvjwe`, huv‡K ÔAvie-Gi wn‡ivWUvmÕ wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡Zv| wZwbB cÖ_g BwZnvmI ˆeÁvbxK f‚‡Mv‡ji mgš^‡q gyiR Av`-Øvnve Iqv AvÕw`b AvjcIni hvi evsjv Ki‡j `uvovq Ô¯^‡M©i cÖvšÍi I i‡Z¥i LwbÕ (the medows of gold and mines of gems) bvgK wek¦ BwZnvm Gi GK wekvj iPbv m¤úbœ K‡ib| N~b©vqgvb mgy`ª m¤^‡š^ Zuvi gZvgZ e¨³ Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔA‡bK wjLK-Gi g‡Z, N~Y©vqgvb gnv mgy`ªB n‡”Q g~j mvMi hvi †_‡K Ab¨ mg¯Í mvMi Gi DrcwË cÖv‡P¨ Pxb mvM‡ii mv‡_ hy³|Õ Avie mvMi m¤^‡Ü Avj gvmD`xi we‡ePbv n‡”Q GwU c„w_exi e„nËg mvMi| Avj gvmD`xi mePvB‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj-Gi †ÿ‡Î| ÒwRIgi‡dvjRxiÓ AvaywbK iPbvwU n‡”Q Ôf‚wg-MVbÕGi Zzjbvg~jK Aa¨qb I f‚wgMVb c×wZi we‡kølYg~jK w`K GB Df‡qi mswgkÖb| f‚wgMVb Gi c×wZ GKwUi ci GKwU Dbœqb P‡µi gvS w`‡q GwM‡q hvq- †hgb cÖviw¤¢K ¯Íi ‡_‡K cwiYZ ¯Íi Ges me‡k‡l cÖexb ¯Íi hv‡K ejv nq Ô†cwbcø¨v‡bkb ¯ÍiÕ|

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