Invention
-
Upload
msbirkbeck -
Category
Technology
-
view
595 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Invention
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Lesson Two:
Invention
Office Hours
Wednesday 12-2 p.m.
And by appointment
What is argument?
Our definition of argument
“The aim or purpose of argument is to use logic (both inductive and deductive) to create reasoned communication of ideas, insights, and experiences to some audience so as to produce a new understanding of some issue for that audience.”
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Today’s Objective
By the end of this lesson, you should know:
How to use different thinking processes to systematically develop and analyze key
ideas prior to the drafting process.
Pg. 124 in your text
InventionFour Great Inventions
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
InventionFamous Inventors through history…
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
InventionFamous Inventors through history…
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Invention
Inventio- process of discovering ideas or perceiving new relationships among ideas.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Invention
Ancient Greeks: thinking strategies, used to discover ideas for public speeches, debates, legislative, judicial and literary purposes.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
InventionIn writing, invention helps the writer
discover ideas that may be used in drafting.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Generate Ideas
Analytical Thinking
See parts that create a whole
Relationships they create
InventionThe Invention Guide
Collection of strategies to invent or discover ideas for a specific writing topic, claim or
idea.
Definition
Exemplification
Comparison
Causality
Effects
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Guiding Concepts
1. Always isolate and analyze key ideas
2. Pursue any vague but interesting ideas relevant to some part of the writing prompt or audience as they turn up in your thinking and notes
3. Realize that an idea discovered in definitional thinking might be further developed and analyzed in cause and effect, or exemplification or comparison
Guiding Concepts
The basic idea of invention is simply to create as much material as you can.
Create, create, and create even more.
At the end you are going to have a lot of material to work with when you write your
first draft. Of course, you won’t use everything.
Guiding Concepts
It’s alright to be messy! The goals is not neatness or perfection. Rather, the goal is to
generate as much material as possible.
Do whatever works best for you.
Guiding Concepts
All of our examples are going to be for the general topic:
“Vegetarianism”
Guiding Concepts
How I started: Start with what you know and make claims even if you are not sure they are correct.
These are my notes, yours do not necessarily have to look exactly like this. Your notes need to follow the guide, but also explore your style of writing
Guiding Concepts
From my own observation, vegetarians have always gotten a lot of criticism from society. In a society where consuming animal products is a largely organized process and business, vegetarians have a difficult time eating a carnivorous society. Write an essay arguing the benefits of becoming a vegetarian. The benefits towards not only the body, but also towards the environment
Guiding ConceptsVegetarianismAmerican’s eat too much meatToo much meat is unhealthy for the bodyOne can still gain or obtain maximum nutritional value
by cutting out meat in their diet.Meat is mainly a good source of protein, how much
protein does one actually need in his or her own diet?
Eating the right combination of vegetables can provide one with the proper amount of protein.
Eating too much meat adds more and more fat to one’s diet.
There is no fiber in meatFiber is an important
Definitional Thinking
Whole definition formula(Key idea to be analyzed) + (form of the verb
to be) + (category idea) + (restricting ideas)
Definitional Thinking
1. Begin with a key idea to think about.
2. Follow that word by is or are or any other tense or form of the verb to be.
Definitional Thinking
3. Think of a category that somehow restricts your word; you may use the phrase kind of
to help create a restricting category; the category word or phrase follows is or are.
4. Use one of these words (who, that, when, if, by, because, or caused by) to add ideas [in a clause or phrase(s)] that further restrict and
define the category word or phrase.
Definitional Thinking
Choose a key idea or topic to place in the first slot. Some form of the verb to be will cause your mind to follow that verb with an idea
that begins to define and analyze the key but vague idea.
Definitional Thinking
Whole definition formula(Key idea to be analyzed) + (form of the verb
to be) + (category idea) + (restricting ideas)
Definitional Thinking
Example: Vegetarianism is:
Healthyhelps with weight losshelpful for the environmenthealthier than alternate dietslabeled a certain way by societymisunderstood
Key Idea +
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
To be verb +
{Category}
Definitional Thinking
4. Use one of these words (who, that, when, if, by, because, or caused by) to add ideas [in a clause or phrase(s)] that further restrict and
define the category word or phrase.
Definitional Thinking
Vegetarianism is healthy for the body because
meat is excluded from the diet and there is less fat in the diet.
*Because meals often contain more nutrients.When the diet does not contain any animal products*Because eating meat is unhealthyBecause meals do not contain as much fatbecause there is not too much protein in one’s diet
Key Idea + To be verb + {Category} + Restricting Ideas
Comparative Thinking
Look for ideas or concepts within your notes that can be thought about by comparisons of
similarities and/or differences.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Comparative Thinking
Vegetarian diets contain more nutrients than meat diets
A vegetarian diet can provide a person with just as much protein as a meat diet
A vegetarian provides more energy and a better quality life than a meat diet
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Comparative Thinking
Help make comparative thinking efficient by creating focus points, specific points of comparison through which two or more
ideas, experiences, or objects can be analyzed.
Comparative Thinking
Vegetarian diets contain more nutrients than meat diets.
Focus Point: What are the differences in nutritional value between a vegetarian diet and a diet that includes meat?
Comparative Thinking
Comparative thinking works in two basic ways:
1. Make the comparisons in terms of shared similarities or unshared contrasts. This
form generates ideas when something less familiar is compared with something more
familiar.
Comparative Thinking
Comparative thinking works in two basic ways:
2. A second form is analyses for similarities and differences when both parts of the
comparisons are known but unexamined. Create comparisons to reveal details of
similarity and contrast for previously known but unanalyzed ideas, objects, experiences,
and so on.
Comparative Thinking
Remember, vague but good ideas will turn up in your invention guide notes without
another comparison neatly attached. You have to recognize the possibility for
comparative thinking and create the other half—the thing to compare your ideas and notes with. (Sometimes, of course, both
parts of a comparison are present.)
Comparative Thinking
Once you have two halves of comparisons, help your mind to work efficiently by
creating “focus points” for the comparison.
Ask yourself, what do I want to learn from comparing X with Y?
Comparative Thinking
MeatAmino acidsIronHigh source of proteinVitamin B-12
No-meat in dietSame amount of amino acidsIronLower source of proteinVitamin B-12 (often difficult to find in non-meat products)
Can be found in free range eggs, yeast, and soy products
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Comparative ThinkingOne of the main arguments that society or
nutritionists make against vegetarianism is that when someone cuts meat out of their diet, they tend to lack certain specific nutrients that only meat can provide, such as iron, crucial amino acids and vitamin b-12. According to vegsoc.org, certain vegetables and grains alone will not fulfill these nutritional needs, however, with the right combination of grains, green vegetables and free range eggs, a vegetarian can still have a well balanced diet with less protein and less of the health risks that come with consuming too much meat.
Comparative Thinking
Benefits of becoming a vegetarian that does not include health?
MoneyEnvironmental effects
Make other comparisons between how much money it costs to buy meat instead of vegetables and fruits.
Effective Thinking
Review key ideas for ideas that could be further developed by analyzing the effects of those ideas.
Use these two questions to generate effects analysis:
(1)What has happened because X exists?
(2) What is likely to happen in the future because X exists?
Effective Thinking
The analysis of effects requires the mind to take an idea, action, belief, experience, or value and then
to consider what will result from any one of those.
Results from the past or any speculation of results in the future
Effective Thinking
What are the effects on someone’s health and well being when their diet is changed to a vegetarian diet?
You would then want to research health effects of changing diets. Seek out future effects, past research done on vegetarians.
Exemplification Thinking
Create examples that illustrate key words, ideas, or concepts. These may come
directly from the writing prompt or from notes in any other section of the invention guide where vague, abstract, or general
ideas occur.
Exemplification Thinking
Vague Idea: American’s eat too much meat
Because they are influenced by the society
Specific: by the media and corporations
Find an example: Evidence about Corporations spending millions of dollars on advertising the meat industry. How does this affect the American consumer?
Causal Thinking
Take a key idea or ideas from your notes and follow it with the word because or the
phrase caused by.
Causality helps you to discover why or how some idea, event, value, attitude, belief, or feeling occurs; causality provides reasons
for.
Causal Thinking
American’s eat too much meat. Vague Idea
What causes American’s to eat too much meat?
CorporationsMediaCultureDishes in restaurantsFast Food
Homework
Write 5 – 8 pages of invention notes in your writing notebook. You must use all types of
invention in your notes.
Remember, pursue any vague or general ideas and try to make them more concrete.
This does not need to be neat! In fact, it’s probably going to be messy.
Reading
Chapter 8; pages 246-256