Introductory Vocabulary for the art historian
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Transcript of Introductory Vocabulary for the art historian
Introductory Vocabularyfor the art historian
All words are defined in the Introductory chapter of Volume 1 and Volume 2 of Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. The words in your book are italicized.
BRUCE NAUMAN, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths (Window or Wall Sign), 1967. Neon with glass tubing suspension
Chronology =dating of objects, buildings
Imhotep
Pyramid and Mortuary of Djoser
Saqqara, Egypt
ca. 2,630-2,611 B.C.E.limestone
Physical evidence = examine actual materials of object to determine age
Ka-Aper
from his mastaba at Saqqara, Egypt
ca. 2,450-2,350 B.C.E.woodapproximately 43 in. high
Documentary Evidence = written records
Palette of King Narmer
from Hierakonpolis, Egypt
ca. 3,000-2,920 B.C.E.slateapproximately 25 in. high
Dinarius with Portrait of Julius Caesar, 44 B.C.E.silver3/4 in.
Visual Evidence = fashions of time
Portrait bust of a Flavian woman
from Rome, Italy, ca. 90 C.E.marble, 25 in. high
Head of a Roman patrician, ca. 75-50 B.C.E.marble, approximately 1 ft. 2 in. high
Mummy portrait from Faiyum, Egypt, ca. 160-170 C.E.encaustic on wood
Stylistic Evidence = artist’s style
Da Vinci's "Marriage Portrait of a Young Woman." ??????
A 19th-century German School portrait that sold for $21,850 at a Christie’s auction in 1998 has now been attributed to Leonardo da Vinci by some art and scientific experts. But the attribution has not gone unchallenged. The 13-by-9.4-inch work — which might be a betrothal portrait — did not cause a furor when it went on sale at Christie’s in New York. At the auction, it was bought by a dealer based in the United States, who sold it last year.If it is in fact a Leonardo, skeptics say, it went unrecognized by experts at the auction house, as well as the specialized dealers who attended the sale, including the one who bought it.
Is it a Leonardo?Leonardo da Vinci, Ginevra de' Benci, c. 1474-1478, oil on panel, National Gallery of Art,
Period Style = characteristic manner of specific time within specific culture
Archaic Greek Classical GreekHellenistic Greek
Regional Style = style tied to geographic region
Northern Renaissance located in Flanders and Brugge
Italian Renaissance focused in Florence and Rome
Provenance = object’s place of originThe Euphronios krater, a renowned red-figured Greek vase from the sixth century B.C., is widely believed to have been illegally excavated in 1971 from an Etruscan tomb near Rome. In 1972 a dealer in classical artifacts sold it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art for $1 million. Questions soon rose about its provenance, and The New York Times tried to follow the vase’s trail; the Met said at the time that it did not believe that the object had been smuggled. But in 2005, Italy stepped up an aggressive public campaign to lay claim to antiquities in foreign museum collections that it suspected had been looted. After long negotiations, the Met and the Italian government brokered an accord in February 2006 providing for the handover of 21 antiquities to Italy, including the Euphronios, in exchange for long-term loans from Italy to the museum
Met Gives Back Euphronios Krater to Italy
Personal style = style of individual artists
FRIDA KAHLO, The Two Fridas, 1939. Oil on canvas,
Georgia O'KeeffeJack-in-the-Pulpit No. IV, 1930
Narrative = art that tells a story
Assyrian archers pursuing enemies from the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, Kalhu (modern Nimrud), ca. 875-860 B.C.E.
Pilate Washing his Hands, Christ Carrying the Cross, Denial of Peter
from a casketca. 420ivory
Genre = scenes from daily life
JAN STEEN, The Feast of Saint Nicholas, ca. 1660–1665. Oil on canvas
Landscape = depiction of a place
JACOB VAN RUISDAEL, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen, ca. 1670.
Dwelling in the Qingbian Mountains, Ming dynasty, 1617. Hanging scroll, ink on paper
Still life = arrangement of inanimate objects
WILLEM KALF, Still Life with a Late Ming Ginger Jar, 1669. Oil on canvas RACHEL RUYSCH, Flower Still Life,
after 1700. Oil on canvas
Iconography means writing of images, look at content and symbol use
GIOTTO, Madonna in Glory c. 1311Tempera on panel
Menkaure and Khamerenebty
from Gizeh, Egypt
ca. 2,490-2,472 B.C.E.
Symbols = images that stand for ideas
Hatshepsutwith offering jars, Deir el-Bahri,
Egypt, ca. 1,473-1,458 B.C.E.
MARSDEN HARTLEY, Portrait of a German Officer, 1914.
Personifications = abstract ideas embodied in persons
To Attribute – give credit to a specific artist based on style, often works are not signed.
Athenian bilingual amphora, red-figure side, clay, painted by "The Andokides Painter," c. 525 B.C.
Athenian bilingual amphora, black-figure side, clay, painted by "The Andokides Painter," c. 525 B.C.
Connoisseur – an expert in analyzing the hand of the artist: which self-portrait was painted by Rembrandt?
Rembrandt WorkshopPortrait of Rembrandt, 1650
Rembrandt van RijnSelf-Portrait, 1659
School = artists working in same style during same historical period, same geographic location
Dutch School Spanish School
Patrons = people or institutions who paid for art
Head Reliquary of Saint Alexander from Stavelot Abbey, Belgium, 1145, silver repoussé, gilt bronze, gems, enamel
Portrait of Augustus as general
from Primaporta, Italy
ca. 20 B.C.E.
William WaltersHenry Walters
Formal analysis – specialized visual analysis, considering qualities such as line, shape, color, space,
light, texture, form,
Composition = how an artwork is organized visually
Meiping vase, 960-1127 C.E.Stoneware
Mihrab from the Madrasa ImamiIsfahan, Iran, ca. 1354glazed mosaic tilework
STUART DAVIS, Lucky Strike, 1921. Oil on canvas
Technique = how artists handle materials
Lavender Mist, Jackson Pollock, oil, enamel, aluminum on canvas, 1950
Spotted horses and negative hand imprints, wall painting in the cave at Pech-Merle, Lot, France, ca. 22,000 BCE.
Contour line – continuous outer line defining artwork’s shape or form
Incised shell gorget, Mississippian, from Sumner County, Tennessee, ca. 1250–1300 CE. 4” wide.
Value = degree of lightness or darkness
DOROTHEA LANGE, Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley, 1935. Gelatin silver print.
Hue = Color Primary colors – red, yellow, blue
Secondary colors – orange, green, purple
Complementary colors – opposite on the color wheel: red/green, purple/yellow, orange/blue
Saturation = brightness or dullness of color
ELLSWORTH KELLY, Red Blue Green, 1963. Oil on canvas
MORRIS LOUIS, Saraband, 1959. Acrylic resin on canvas
Texture = quality of surface
Colossal head, Olmec, La Venta, Mexico, 900–400 BCE. Basalt,
Collage = combination of different materials & textures, using mixed media
PABLO PICASSO, Maquette for Guitar, 1912. Cardboard, string, and wire (restored)
Illusionistic space = space painters depict on 2D object to represent 3D space
The School of Athens, Raphael,1510, fresco
Mass = 3D space, building, sculpture
Colosseum, Rome, Italy
ca. 70-80 C.E.
Volume = space enclosed or divided by a building, sculpture, pottery, furniture, interior
Ziggurat
at Ur (modern Tell Muqayyar) Iraq
ca. 2,100 B.C.E.mud brick
Perspective = pictorial device for organizing space, creates illusion of depth on 2D surface, commonly used in Western art
ANNIBALE CARRACCI, Flight into Egypt, 1603–1604
Foreshortening = a kind of perspective which puts forms close to the picture plane, shows forms at an angle that implies depth
CARAVAGGIO, Conversion of Saint Paul, Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, Italy, ca. 1601. Oil on canvas
Proportion = relationship of size of parts to the whole
Portrait of Constantine
from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy
ca. 315-330 C.E.
Canon of proportion = ideal proportions for representing human figures, constructing buildings
Goats Treading Seed and Cattle Fording a Canal
Saqqara, Egypt - Mastaba of Ti
ca. 2450-2350 B.C.E.painted limestone
Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), ca. 450-440 B.C.E.
Hierarchy of scale = intentional use of disproportion to emphasize importance of king or leader
Ti watching hippopotamus hunt
from Saqqara, Egypt
ca. 2,450-2,350 B.C.E.
Victory stele of Naram-Sin
from Susa, Iran
ca. 2,254-2,218 B.C.E.sandstone
Carving: subtractive and additive
Semnut with Princess Nefrua from Thebes, Egypt, ca. 1470-1460 B.C.E.granite
Guang, probably from Anyang, China, Shang dynasty, twelfth or eleventh century BCE. Bronze,
Mold:hollow form used for
shaping or casting a fluid substance such as bronze
Head of an Akkadian ruler
from Ninevah (modern Kuyunjik) Iraq
ca. 2,250-2,200 B.C.E.
Sculptures in the round = freestanding sculptures
Nike of Samothrace, ca. 190 BCE
UMBERTO BOCCIONI, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913 (cast 1931). Bronze
Relief sculptures = sculptures project from background but are still attached to it
Ashurbanipal hunting lions from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal,
Ninevah (modern Kuyunjik) Iraq, ca. 645-640 B.C.E.gypsumapproximately 5 ft. high
Sunken Relief = sculptor cuts into background to make relief.
Akhenaton sacrificing a duck
ca. 1,353-1,335 B.C.E.limestone
Low relief = projection is slight, barely raised from background surface
Ashurbanipal hunting lions
from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, Ninevah (modern Kuyunjik) Iraq
ca. 645-640 B.C.E.
High relief = forms project high, some parts of relief are actually in the round
Replica of Western Frieze of Pantheon, Nashville, TN.
Repoussé – relief made of metal from hammering from behind, pushing subject out from background
Head of Sasanian King (Shapur II?)
from Ctesiphon, Iraq
ca. 350 C.E.silver with mercury gilding
Plan – a map of a floor, shows masses of building & volume of space
Old Saint Peter’s Basilica (plan)
Rome, Italy
ca. 320
Section = shows mass of building by cutting through the 3D rendering of it
Old Saint Peter’s Basilica (section)
Rome, Italy, ca. 320
Elevation = head-on view of an external or internal wall
Tympanum of the south portal of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
marbleca. 1115-1135
Cutaway = combines interior and exterior views
Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece
ca. 500-490 B.C.E.