INTRODUCTOR Y

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

John R. Ferraro

Kazuo Nakamoto

Preface

x

Acknowledgements

x

Chapter 1 .

Basic Theory

1

1 .1 .

Historical Background of Raman Spectroscopy

1

1 .2 .

Energy Units and Molecular Spectra

2

1 .3 .

Vibration of a Diatomic Molecule

7

1 .4 .

Origin of Raman Spectra

1 3

1 .5 .

Factors Determining Vibrational Frequencies

1 81 .6 .

Vibrations of Polyatomic Molecules

1 91 .7 .

Selection Rules for Infrared and Raman Spectra

2 2

1 .8 .

Raman versus Infrared Spectroscopy

2 61 .9 .

Depolarization Ratios

2 7

1 .10 . The Concept of Symmetry

2 91 .11 .

Point Symmetry Elements

3 01 .12 . The Character Table

4 11 .13 . Classification of Normal Vibrations by Symmetry

4 7

1 .14 .

Symmetry Selection Rules

5 1

1 .15 . Resonance Raman Spectra

5 3

1 .16 . Space Group Symmetry

591 .17 .

Normal Vibrations in a Crystal

661 .18 .

Selection Rules for Solids (Factor Group)

70

1 .19 .

Polarized Raman Spectra of Single Crystals

7 81 .20 .

Normal Coordinate Analysis

7 91 .21 .

Band Assignments and Isotopic Shifts

8 7References

9 0

Chapter 2 .

Instrumentation and Experimental Techniques

9 5

2 .1 . Major Components

9 52.2 .

Excitation Sources

9 62.3 .

Sample Illumination

10 22.4. The Monochromator

10 42.5 .

Detection

10 72 .6.

Instrument Calibration

11 3

2.7 .

Sampling Techniques

11 82 .8 .

Determination of Depolarization Ratios

12 92 .9.

Raman Difference Spectroscopy

12 9General References

13 2

References

13 3

Chapter 3 .

Special Techniques

13 5

3 .1 . Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy

13 5

3 .2 . Time-Resolved Raman (TR') Spectroscopy

14 2

3 .3 .

Matrix-Isolation Raman Spectroscopy

14 7

3 .4 . High-Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

153

3 .5 . Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

160

3 .6 .

Raman Spectroelectrochemistry

16 5

3 .7 . Raman Microscopy

17 2

3 .8 . FT-Raman Spectroscopy

179

3 .9 . New Raman Imaging Spectrometry

188

References

190

Chapter 4 .

Applications

19 5

4 .1 .

Applications to Structural Chemistry

19 54 .2 .

Applications to Biochemistry, Biology and Medicine

226

4 .3 .

Solid State Applications

25 1

4 .4 .

Industrial Applications

270

References

298

Appendices

30 5Index

363

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