Introductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table.
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Transcript of Introductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table.
Introductory Chemistry, 3rd EditionNivaldo Tro
Electrons in Atomsand the
Periodic Table
2
Chapter 4
Recap of the Periodic Table
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 9
Three Types of Elements
= Metal
= Metalloid
= Nonmetal
4Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
Metals
Solids at room temperature, except HgShinyConduct heat, electricityMalleable: can be shapedDuctile = drawn or pulled into wiresLose electrons and form cations (+ charge) in reactionsAbout 75% of the elements are metals
5Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
Nonmetals
Found in all 3 states
Poor conductors of heat & electricity
Solids are brittle
Gain electrons in reactions to become anions (- charge)Only a few on the right of periodic table
6Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
Metalloids
Show some properties of metals and some of nonmetals
Also known as semiconductors Properties of Silicon
shinyconducts electricity
does not conduct heat wellbrittle
7Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
The Modern Periodic Table
Elements with similar chemical and physical properties are in same column
Columns are called Groups or Families– designated by a number and letter at top
Rows are called Periods
Each period shows the pattern of properties repeated in the next period
8Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
The Modern Periodic Table
Main Group = Representative Elements = ‘A’ groupsTransition Elements = ‘B’ groups– all metals
Bottom rows = Inner Transition Elements = Rare Earth Elements– metals– really belong in Period 6 & 7
9Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
= Alkali Metals
= Alkali Earth Metals
= Noble Gases
= Halogens
= Lanthanides
= Actinides
= Transition Metals
10Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
Important Groups - Hydrogen
nonmetal
colorless, diatomic gas– very low melting point & density
reacts with nonmetals to form molecular compounds– HCl is acidic gas– H2O is a liquid
reacts with metals to form hydrides– metal hydrides react with water to form H2
HX dissolves in water to form acids
11
Important Groups – IA, Alkali Metals
hydrogen usually placed here, though it doesn’t belongsoft, low melting points,low densityvery reactive, never find uncombined in naturetend to form water soluble compoundsreact with water to form basic (alkaline) solutions and H2 releasing a lot of heat
lithium
sodium
potassium
rubidium
cesium
12Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
Important Groups – IIA, Alkali Earth Metals
harder, higher melting, and denser than alkali metals
reactive, but less than corresponding alkali metal
form stable, insoluble oxides from which they are normally extracted
oxides are basic = alkaline earth
magnesium
calcium
beryllium
strontium
barium
13Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
Important Groups – VIIA, Halogens
nonmetals
F2 & Cl2 gases; Br2 liquid; I2 solid
all diatomic
very reactive
react with metals to form ionic compounds
HX all strong acids except HF
bromine
iodine
chlorine
fluorine
14Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 4
Important Groups – VIIIA, Noble Gases
all gases at room temperature, – very low melting and
boiling points
very unreactive, practically inert
very hard to remove electron from or give an electron to