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Introduction to VLSI CMPE/ELEE 4375 Introduction

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CMOS VLSI Design Outline 0: Introduction 2 Syllabus Logistics (time, place, instructor, website, textbook) Grading Topics Outcomes Introduction to VLSI A brief history MOS transistors CMOS logic gates

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CMOS VLSI Design Course Information (1) 0: Introduction 3 Time and Place Class: 8:45 am - 9:35 am MWF Engineering Building 1.262 Instructor Hasina Huq hhuq@utpa.edu hhuq@utpa.edu ENGR 3.278, 665-5017 Office hours: MTW 1.00 pm -3.00 pm or walk in or by appointment

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CMOS VLSI Design Course Information (2) 0: Introduction 4 Prerequisites Digital logic (ELEE 2330) and Electronic 1(ELEE 3301), or equivalent I assume you know the following topics Boolean algebra, logic gates, etc. MOSFET characteristics Undergraduate physics: Ohms law, resistors, capacitors, etc. Undergraduate math: calculus

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CMOS VLSI Design Course Information (3) TextKen Martin, Digital Integrated Circuits design, Oxford, Reference Class handouts Cadence manual set H.Craig Casey, Jr., Devices for Integrated Circuits, John-Wiley, Baker, Li, & Boyce, CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, IEEE Press, 1998. Account UNIX (lab access) 0: Introduction 5

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CMOS VLSI Design Course Information (4) 0: Introduction 6 Grading 60% project 5% homework 15% mid-term exam 20% final exam Laboratory Based Projects (3) 60% (10%, 20%, 30%) Final project include design, report and presentation Total 100%

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CMOS VLSI Design Course Information (5) 0: Introduction 7 Topics NMOS,PMOS CMOS logic gate fabrication and layout MOS transistor characteristics Performance analysis for VLSI circuits digital circuits design Integrated Circuit (IC) design Compact & cost effective design System on chip

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CMOS VLSI Design Course Information (6) 0: Introduction 8 Use the Electric CAD tool to design a chip including (depending on tool availability) Schematic entry Layout Transistor-level cell design Gate-level logic design Hierarchical design Switch-level simulation (IRSIM) Design rule checking (DRC) Electrical rule checking (ERC) Network consistency checking (NCC) HDL design (Verilog) Place and route Pad frame generation and routing Pretapeout verification

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CMOS VLSI Design Course Information (7) 0: Introduction 9 Outcomes Estimate and optimize combinational circuit delay using RC delay models and logical effort Design high speed and low power logic circuits Understand interconnect and reliability issues Design functional units including adders, multipliers, DFF, ROMs, SRAMs, and PLAs Beware of the VLSI trends and challenges

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CMOS VLSI Design Introduction 0: Introduction 10 Integrated circuits: many transistors on one chip. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI): very many Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Fast, cheap, low power transistors Today: How to build your own simple CMOS chip CMOS transistors Building logic gates from transistors Transistor layout and fabrication Rest of the course: How to build a good CMOS chip

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CMOS VLSI Design A Brief History 0: Introduction 11 1958: First integrated circuit Flip-flop using two transistors Built by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments 2003 Intel Pentium 4 processor (55 million transistors) 512 Mbit DRAM (> 0.5 billion transistors) 53% compound annual growth rate over 45 years No other technology has grown so fast so long Driven by miniaturization of transistors Smaller is cheaper, faster, lower in power! Revolutionary effects on society

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CMOS VLSI Design 0: Introduction 12 The impact of ICs on modern society has been pervasive. Without them current computer, electronics systems and information-technology revolution would not exist. Immense amount of signal and computer processing is realized in a single IC. Most of the students of Computer/ Electrical Engineering are exposed to Integrated Circuits (IC's) at a very basic level, involving circuits like multiplexers, Flip flop, encoders etc. But there is a lot bigger world out there involving miniaturization, that a micrometer and a microsecond are literally considered huge! This is the world of VLSI - Very Large Scale Integration.

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CMOS VLSI Design The course will help you to understand why you need to learn the Chip / Integrated Circuit (IC) Design technologies. This involves packing more and more logic devices into smaller areas and smaller areas. This has opened up a big opportunity to do things that were not possible before. VLSI circuits are everywhere... your computer, your car, your brand new state-of-the-art digital camera, the cell-phones, and what have you. All this involves a lot of expertise on many fronts within the same field, which we will look at in the course. At UTPA we use Cadence simulation tool which is an industry standard simulator 0: Introduction 13

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CMOS VLSI Design 0: Introduction 14 Modern ICs are enormously complicated. A large chip may have more transistors than there are people on Earth i.e. may contain millions of transistors. The rules for what can and cannot be manufactured are also extremely complex. An IC process may well have more than 600 rules. CAREER: Design Engineer: Takes specifications, defines architecture, does circuit design, runs simulations, supervises layout, tapes out the chip to the foundry, evaluates the prototype once the chip comes back from the fab. TYPICAL COMPANIES AND JOBS? Intel, IBM, Texas Instruments, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Maxim, Linear Technology, Siemens, Qualcomm

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CMOS VLSI Design 0: Introduction 15 University: Most of the universities in USA are offering VLSI course at undergraduate level because of reality, demand. Dept: Electrical and Computer Engineering: University of Texas at Austin, Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University, Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering UC BerkeleyRice UC Berkeley

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CMOS VLSI Design 0: Introduction 16

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CMOS VLSI Design 0: Introduction 17

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CMOS VLSI Design 0: Introduction 18

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CMOS VLSI Design 0: Introduction 19

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CMOS VLSI Design Invention of the Transistor 0: Introduction 20 Vacuum tubes ruled in first half of 20 th century Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliable 1947: first point contact transistor at Bell Labs John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs Read Crystal Fire by Riordan, Hoddeson

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CMOS VLSI Design Transistor Types 0: Introduction 21 Bipolar transistors npn or pnp silicon structure Small current into very thin base layer controls large currents between emitter and collector Base currents limit integration density Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors nMOS and pMOS MOSFETS Voltage applied to insulated gate controls current between source and drain Low power allows very high integration Simpler fabrication process

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CMOS VLSI Design MOS Integrated Circuits 0: Introduction 22 1970s processes usually had only nMOS transistors Inexpensive, but consume power while idle 1980s-present: CMOS processes for low idle power Intel 1101 256-bit SRAM Intel 4004 4-bit Proc

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CMOS VLSI Design Moores Law 0: Introduction 23 1965: Gordon Moore plotted the number of transistors on each chip Fit straight line on semilog scale Transistor counts have doubled every 26 months Integration Levels SSI: 10 gates MSI: 1000 gates LSI: 10,000 gates VLSI: > 10k gates

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CMOS VLSI Design Corollaries 0: Introduction 24 Many other factors grow exponentially Ex: clock frequency, processor performance

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CMOS VLSI Design Scaling Down: a Mystery 0: Introduction 25 In 1971, minimum dimensions of 10 um in 4004. In 2003, minimum dimensions of 130 ns in Pentium4. Scaling down forever ? (No, transistors cannot be less than atoms) Many predictions of fundamental limits to scaling have already proven wrong We believe that scaling will continue for at least another decade. What is the future?

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CMOS VLSI Design Periodic Table 0: Introduction 26

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CMOS VLSI Design Dopants 0: Introduction 27 Silicon is a semiconductor Pure silicon has no free carriers and conducts poorly Adding dopants increases the conductivity Group V (Arsenic): extra electron (n-type) Group III (Boron): missing electron, called hole (p- type)