Part 1. Introduction to Tourism & Hospitality

Pengantar Pariwisata Hospitaliti (PPH) Oleh: Fajar Kusnadi K.P M.Sc (FAI)

Contents:

Chapter 1. Tourism Overview - What is Tourism? - Tourism products - Components of Tourism Chapter 2. Understanding Travel Behavior - Motivation for Pleasure Travel - Cultural & International Tourism - Sociology of Tourism

Learning Objectives: Understand what tourism is and its many

definitions. Learn the components of tourism and tourism. Appreciate how important this industry is to he

economy of the world and of many countries. The Development of Motivation Models Life-Seeing Tourism Types of Destinations as Travel Experiences Life Characteristics & Travel Summary of the principal Social Effects of

Tourism The International tourist

Chapter 1 Tourism Overview

What is Tourism?

The Tourist

(Experiences & Satisfactions)

The government of the host community or area

(Regulator)

The host community (Interaction)

The businesses providing tourist

goods and services (Profit Oriented)

Adapted from: (Ritchie & Goeldner, 2012)

“

“Tourism can be defined as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding

environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors.”

(Ritchie & Goeldner, 2012)

Statistics on Global Tourism

“

“According to UNWTO, tourism is defined as a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the

movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for personal or business/professional purposes.”

(UNWTO, 2011.)

UNWTO

International Tourism

National Tourism

Domestic Tourism

Internal / Tourism

Inbound

Outbound

Adapted from: (Ritchie & Goeldner, 2012

“

“ Traveler, any person on a trip between two or more countries or between two or more localities

within his/her country of usual residence.’’

(Ritchie & Goeldner, Pp:6, 2012)

“

◉A “visitor” is defined as those persons who travel to a country other than that in which they have their

usual residence but outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited”.

(Ritchie & Goeldner, Pp:6, 2012)

(Ritchie & Goeldner, Pp:6, 2012)

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Components of Happy tourist

1 smile The smile gives visitors a warm welcome 2 eyes Eyes establish direct contact with them 1 voice 1 mind One voice and mind gives the tourist a perception of the enchanting sounds and picturesque scenery of the region 2 ears Two ears are essential for listening to what the visitors are looking for. 1 firm handshake One firm handshake wishes them a pleasant stay Spice it up with a well-trained staff. Bake well at summer temperatures before opening and you will have a tourist destination to be proud of.

(New Brunswick Dept.of Education, 2005

Components of Tourism

Adapted from: (Ritchie & Goeldner, 2012)

Dimensions of Tourism

The following are dimensions that tourism and government organizations are often interested in tracking: Purpose of the trip Distance traveled Duration of the trip Residence of the traveler Mode of transportation Spending

(http://www.bps.go.id/menutab.php?tabel=1&kat=2&id_subyek=16)

Tourism product

A tourism product is the sum of the physical and psychological experience got by tourist during their traveling to the destination. It is the composite product, as the combination of different services like tourist attraction, transport, accommodation and of entertainment which provide tourist satisfaction. Each of the components of a tourist product is supplied by individual providers of services like hotel companies, airlines, travel agencies, etc.

Components of tourism product

1. The packaged is perceived by the tourist as an experience.

2. Destination attractions and environment. 3. Destination facilities and services 4. Accessibility of the destination 5. Images of the destination 6. Price to the customer

Chapter 2 Understanding Travel Behaviour

Travel Motivation Studies

consumer motivation, decision making, product satisfaction, overall desirability of holiday experiences, pleasure in the vacation

environment, and interaction with the local inhabitants.

In short, tourists travel for many reasons, including: spirituality, social status,

escape, and cultural enrichment

The Point of Travel

Brought to you by http://www.theschooloflife.com

Maslow’s Hierarcy of Needs

www.bms.co.in

www.linkedin.com

Sources:

Travelers tend

to be more selective

in their emphasis on

travel motives with

experience Self-esteem/development needs

Fulfillment needs

Relationship needs

Safety/security needs

Physiological

Other-directed Self-directed

Other-directed Self-directed

Self-directed Other-directed

Externally oriented Internally oriented

Travelers have

multiple motives in

their pattern of needs

even though one

category of needs

may be more

dominant

Need for self-actualization

Need for flow experiences

Need for status

Need for respect and recognition

Need for achievement

Need for self-development

Need for growth

Need for curiosity/mental stimulation

Need for mastery, control, competence

Need for self-efficacy

Need to repeat intrinsically satisfying behaviors

Need to reduce anxiety about others

Need to affiliate

Need to give love, direction

Need to reduce anxiety

Need to predict and explain the world Need for security

Need for escape, excitement, curiosity

Need for arousal, external excitement and stimulation Need for sex, eating, drinking

Need for relaxation (manage arousal level)

A “spine” or “core” of needs for nearly all travelers seems to include :

relationships, curiosity, and relaxation

- Travel-needs Mode -

Ritchie & Goeldner, Pp:206, 2012

Surface Factors 1. Physical motivators: related to health (sport,

maintenance & preventive health program, tension releasers

Cultural motivators: desire to learn more about culture, architecture, food, art and folklore other

people. Conformation and curiosity

Inter personal motivators: escape from familiar environment (family). Prime motivators is to see or

escape from family

Status and ego factors: need for recognition, attention, appreciation, and good reputation

Push & Pull Factors

Pull factors: tangible things that draw visitors to a

destination. This include people, places and activities

Pull factors: tangible things that draw visitors to a

destination. This include people, places and activities

• Examples: friends, relatives, celebrities, scenic areas, recreational event, culture, festivals

Push factors: intangible things (forces) that come

within us. Needs, motivation and way of thinking

• Examples: adventure, challenge, escape, self discover, prestige, rest and relaxation

Barriers to Travel

Cost Lack of time Health limitations Family stage Lack of interest Fear and safety

Benefit Segments

Loker & Perdue (1992) study of visitors to North Carolina identified six major “Benefit Segments” of Holiday Traveling: 1. Excitement & escape segment 2. Pure adrenaline/excitement segment 3. Family & friends-oriented segment 4. Naturalists (those who enjoyed natural surroundings) 5. Segment that emphasized the value of escape itself 6. An “All Benefits” segment

Cultural & International Tourism

Business travel

1. Business travel is also a very important component and can represent greater expenditures (hotels, air, restaurants).

Business Activities - Demand for this sector is elastic - Less seasonal than pleasure travel - MICE as a large segments with large numbers of people. - Convention by corporation or government with topic in SMERF (Social, Military, Educational/ Economy, Religious, Fraternal)

Leisure / Pleasure travel

2. Leisure- time Activities / Pleasure activities People are traveling for pleasure when they want to experience new things, experience a change of pace, improve their health, visit friends and relatives, etc. 1. Visiting Family & Relatives 2. Education 3. Cultural 4. Nature 5. Religion 6. Events 7. Health 8. Recreation & Entertainment 9. Other Motives 10. Combinations of the above

1. Visits to friends and relatives (VFR)

Usually called social visits. And it refers to the motive of the visit, and not to the mode of accommodation. In the classification by purpose they constitute a sub-category of leisure trips.

2. Education

What is Education Tourism? education tourism or Edu-tourism refers to : “Any program in which participants travel to a location as a group with the primary purpose of engaging in a learning experience directly related to the location" . (Rodger, 1998, p.28).

ET Product Development

Partnerships – Academic/Professionals

ET Product Development

Malaysia Case -The main agency responsible for the development of educational tourism is the Higher Education Ministry while the Tourism Ministry helps in terms of its promotion.

3. Cultural & Heritage Travel

Traveling to experience the places and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It includes historic, cultural and natural resources." (National Trust for Historic Preservation,

Brief Profile of Cultural tourist

Cultural, heritage and historical Tourist describes all tourist trips that include cultural activities (e.g. the visiting of monuments or sites), as well as experiences and interaction with local people. Cultural tourists usually have a higher than average annual income. Generally well educated. Have a large amount of travel experience. Quality conscious and Sensitive to environmental and social concerns.

Historical Significant Places

Traveling to experience the places and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It includes historic, cultural and natural resources." (National Trust for Historic Preservation,

4. Nature / eco tourism

Nature tourism is travelling for the purpose of learning about or enjoying nature. A nature tourist is a person travelling for the purpose of learning about or enjoying nature

Ecotourism

According to The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) in 1990, ecotourism / nature tourism is: "Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people."

5. Religion / Pilgrimage

Religious tourism, also commonly referred to as faith tourism, is a type of tourism, where people travel individually or in groups for pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure (fellowship) purposes. The world's largest form of mass religious tourism takes place at the annual Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

6. Events

-http://www.indonesia.travel/en/event

Event tourism’ is generally recognized as being inclusive of all planned events in an integrated approach to development and marketing.

Type Of Events

Sports, fairs, music and other events

7. Recreation & Entertainment

Recreation is about activities, pastimes, and experiences which are freely chosen. They are usually undertaken in free time and produce feelings of well being, fulfillment, enjoyment, relaxation and satisfaction

Health tourism means travelling for the purpose of improving or preserving health. A health tourist is a tourist, whose main purpose of travel is improvement and/or preservation of health.

Health Tourism

Types of health tourism

Types of health tourism, e.g. medical, spa and wellness tourism. With a major common feature that people travel to a place to maintain or improve their health, where: medical tourism focuses on health disorders, spa tourism on relaxation and wellness tourism on maintaining or preserving personal harmony.

9. Other factors

( Access, price, attractive Advertising, level of satisfaction from previous experiences). Agri tourism Culinary tourism Volunturism Geo tourism LGBT tourism Atomic Tourism Space tourism Extreme tourism Suicide tourism War tourism Dark Tourism Fashion Tourism Slum tourism Ethnic Tourism, etc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Types_of_tourism

10. Multiple Motivations

Combination of several type of traveling motives while doing travel. Example: Visiting Natural destination while doing educational travel .

“

“Sociology is the science of society, social institutions, and social relationships. Visitors to a

community or area create social relationships that typically differ greatly from the afiliations

among the indigenous population.”

(Ritchie & Goeldner, 2012)

“

“The Sociology of tourism is an emergent speciality concerned with the study of touristic motivations,

roles, relationship, and institutions and of their impacts on tourists and on the societies who receive

them.”

(Cohen, E., 1984)

How Individual Characteristics Influence Travel Behavior

The impacts of AGE The impacts of INCOME The impacts of EDUCATION The impacts of SEXUAL ORIENTATION The impacts of DISABILITIES

Some Striking Anomalies of Travel Behaviors

Desire for relaxation versus activity Desire for familiarity versus novelty Desire for dependence versus autonomy Desire for order versus disorder

The Emergence of Group Travel Patterns

Travel clubs Low-priced group travel Public carrier group rates and arrangements Incentive travel groups Special-interest groups Social (subsidized) travel groups

Summary of Principal Social Effects of Tourism

People living in cities are more interested in travel than those living in small towns or rural areas.

Wealthy people and those in higher social classes are greatly inclined to travel.

Increase in educational level in a population brings increase in travel.

Catering to people with disabilities increases travel market.

Group travel and tours are popular ways to travel.

Social tourism is a form of travel where the cost is subsidized by the traveler’s trade union, government, public carrier, hotel, or association

Summary of Principal Social Effects of Tourism Vacations, special business trips among life’s most vivid memories.

Family vacations taken together among highlights of the year’s activities.

Visitors in an area can affect the living patterns of locals.

People of a particular country can have their lives changed.

Most satisfying relationships when hosts and guests meet and interact socially (i.e., reception, tea, cultural event).

Tourists can be easy victims of crime; hosts can help them avoid dangerous places.

Resentment of visitors by locals can occur.

Tourism development can bring undesirable social effects (prostitution, gambling, drunkenness, unwanted noise, congestion).

References

Cohen. E, 1984, The Sociology of Tourism: Approaches, Issues, and Findings. Annual Review of Sociology. Vol 10. pp. 373-392. Department of Education, 2005, Hospitality and Tourism 110.New Brunswick Goeldner, Charles. R, 2012, Tourism: Principles, Practics, Philosophies, John Wiley & Sons Inc. UNWTO, 2011, Policy and Practice for Global Tourism, WTO, Madrid.

1. Introduction to Tourism & Hospitality Industry Recipe for Happy Tourists (Individual)

Task 1

Q / A

1. If You are traveler, what make you love to explore Indonesia?

2. In your opinion What comes first in the tourism industry? 3. How is tourism promoted in your local area, province, and

country? 4. Why is tourism so important to Indonesia? 5. What does tourism mean to a student of tourism?

Source:

http://indonesia.travel/en

The Travel

Psychologist www.michaelbrein.com

http://www.eurocamp.co.uk/

Pertanyaan ?

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