Introduction to the UNEP/SETAC framework for life cycle impact assessment Version March 28, 2011...
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Transcript of Introduction to the UNEP/SETAC framework for life cycle impact assessment Version March 28, 2011...
Introduction to the UNEP/SETAC framework for life cycle impact assessmentVersion March 28, 2011
Sebastien HumbertQuantis
Content
1. Context2. Problematic regarding quantificatio of water footprinting3. Initiatives in water footprinting4. The UNEP-SETAC WULCA work5. Operationalization of the framework6. Example of application
[Title of the PPT]
2
LCSA, SETAC
Context and Problematic
3
LCSA, SETAC
“global warming” … “global drying”
4© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
5
LCSA, SETAC
Water Footprint Implications/Communication
6
LCSA, SETAC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Wat
er u
se (l
itres
/cup
)
Irrigation
Use
Distribution
Coffee
Which value is correct?
• Differences?7
Chapagain and Hoekstra
Humbert et al.
29
4
© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Elovena (Raisio, FI)
8
100 liters/100 g0.2 liters/100 g (excluding green water)
Carbon footprint: 80 gCO2eq/100 g
LCSA, SETAC
A t-shirt – Exemple of Switcher
• Environmental labelling of Switcher products
Carbon footprint – climate change
Water footprint – water consumption and associated impacts
9© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Environmental product declaration
• Carbon footprint
10
CO2 N2O
CFCCH4
Water
LCSA, SETAC
Water in life cycle assessment
11
LCSA, SETAC
12
The life cycle concept
© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Why expand the scope of water footprint to LCA?
13
Climate change(carbon
footprint)
Ecosystemquality
Natural resources
Humanhealth
Waterfootprint
To avoid burden shifting from one impact category to another(avoid “perverse outcomes” – WBCSD Montreux workshop key learning)
© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Coffe as an example of an LCA
14
1 cupof coffeeat home
© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, etc.) emissions
15
CO2 N2O
CFCCH4
© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Water use/impacts
16© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Methods assessing water
UNEP-SETAC WULCA framework
17
LCSA, SETAC
Definitions
Water related definitions
18
Off-stream water use
In-stream water use
Green water Blue water Grey water
Degradative use
Consumptive use
Process
LCSA, SETAC
UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative
• International initiative for LCA
• Proposed a framework to evaluate water in LCA
• Review of different methods
• Recommendations (end 2009) for:– Science
– Practitioners (incl. industry)
19
LCSA, SETAC
Natural resources
UNEP-SETAC framework
20
Future generations
Less water for future
generations
EcosystemsWater use Less water for ecosystems
Less water for humans
Human health
Ecosystems
All impact categories
Compensation
Human use
Mod
ifica
tion
of a
vaila
bilit
ies
Source: Bayart et al.
LCSA, SETAC
21
Bay
art (
UN
EP
-SE
TA
C fr
amew
ork)
Human lifeHuman life Biotic environmentBiotic environment Abiotic environmentAbiotic environment
Frischknecht
Midpoint (benchmarking)Ridoutt Pfister
Mila-I-CanalsMila-I-Canals
Hoekstra
VeoliaPfister
Bayart
Boulay
Human lifeHuman life Biotic environmentBiotic environment Abiotic environmentAbiotic environment
Boulay
Maendly Humbert
BoeschVan Zelm
Endpoint (damage)
Pfister
Motoshita
Pfister
Pfister Verones
Motoshita
Motoshita
Verones (ground)
Payet
Quantis
Quantis
Databases Methods
WFN
In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this review.
LCSA, SETAC
Operationalization of the framework
22
LCSA, SETAC
Scope of the proposed framework
23
Endpoint (Damage)
« Impact on humans, ecosystems and
resources ? »
Midpoint
« Is it a potential problem ? »« Water stressed area ? »
Inventory
« What ? »« Where ? »
« How much ? »
Reporting & Communication
« Single score in litres equivalent ? »
© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Supply chain
Watershed 1
Manufacturing
Watershed 2
Use phase
Watershed 3
End of life
Watershed 4
In practice!
24
Ecosystem quality
Single score
Inventory
Water withdrawal
renewable groundwater, lake, river, …
Water release
Surface water,…
…, Chemically and thermally polluted
water
Blue waterGreen water
Diff
ere
nt c
ause
-eff
ect
mod
els
(Ch
ara
cte
riza
tion
fa
cto
rs) Human health
=
Resources
Impact assessmentLife cycle
Wat
er s
tres
s in
dic
ato
r(w
ate
r s
ca
rcit
y p
ote
nti
al)
*
**
* Chemically and thermally polluted water are refered as grey water in the Water Footprint Network method. Note that grey water is a discussed indicator and sometimes refer as inventory and sometimes as impact assessment
** Water Footprint Network method
(if needed)
© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Blue water: evaporated
Grey water
Withdrawal: surface water
Withdrawal: groundwater
Blue water: incorporated in
the product
Water stress assessment(using a water stress index, WSI, based on scarcity)
25© Quantis
LCSA, SETAC
Water stress assessment(using a water stress index, WSI, based on scarcity)
26
Blue water WSI Weighted blue water
Grey water
Withdrawal
WSI (?)
X% WSI
Weighted grey water
Weighted withdrawal
Inventory Impact assessment
Σ Weighted inventory
+
+
=
© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Water Impact Modeling
27
LCSA, SETAC
Detailed assessment
28In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Water footprint interpretation and use
29
LCSA, SETAC
Regionalization of impacts
30
Water use (inventory) (m3)
Scarcity weighted water use (using water stress index) (m3-eq)
Risks associated with water use:
Water rightsWater pollution
Ground water over exploitation
Risks associated with water use:
Water pollutionGround water over
exploitationReduced availability for
nutrition
Impacts on human health (DALY)
Impacts on ecosystem quality (PDF-m2-y)
Risks associated with
water use:Water pollution
Risks associated with water use:Water pollution
Ground water over exploitationRiver drying
Greenhouse gases emissions
Greenhouse gases emissions (from deforestation)
© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Importance to assess impacts/risk
31© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Compensation measures
• LCA-based framework allows to compare benefits from compensation measures
(responsible actions, offsetting measures) with impacts associated with activity
• e.g., factory in India (50% evap., 50% poll.)
32
Pollution Consumption
1’000’000 m3/y with DF 10 1’000’000 m3/y (blue water)
10’000’000 m3/y grey water 20 DALY/y (Pfister et al.)
Reduced runoff b/c organic farming over 1’000 ha
Clean freshwater supply to 10’000 people
Benefits: 2’000’000 m3/y (grey water avoided)
100 DALY/y (@ 0.01 DALY/p-y)
LCSA, SETAC
Example: Biofuel
33
LCSA, SETAC
34
• Per m3 of water consumed
• Damage factors at the watershed level
Pfister, Koehler & Hellweg (2009), ES&T 43(11): 4098–4104
Ecosystem damage potential (CFEQ)
LCSA, SETAC
35
Mendoza
Reference region
Mendoza region
Koehler, Pfister et al. 2008
Rape seed cultivation for biodiesel production
LCSA, SETAC
Ag
gre
gat
ed
imp
acts
(E
I99
) p
t/k
g
> 50% increase
Water impacts
Other impacts
Mendozaproduction
LCIA LCIA Swiss watershed Argentina production
level country average
Koehler, Pfister et al. 2008
36
Environmental impact of rapeseed production at country and watershed level
LCSA, SETAC
> 50% increase
Water impacts
Other impacts
Mendozaproduction
ecosystem quality impacts
Ag
gre
gat
ed
imp
acts
(E
I99
) p
t/k
g
Koehler, Pfister et al. 2008
37
LCIA LCIA Swiss watershed Argentina production
level country average
Environmental impact of rapeseed production on country and watershed level
LCSA, SETAC
Rapeseed-based methyl ester (biodiesel)
Overall environmental damage
Koehler, Pfister et al. 2008
38
Thank you for your attention
39
LCSA, SETAC
Water footprinting and
life cycle assessment
Examples showing Waterfootprint vs Multi-indicators
40In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this example.
LCSA, SETAC
Example: energy type
41
Natural gazNatural gaz WoodWood
?
HydropowerHydropower CoalCoal
© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Inventory
42
LCSA, SETAC
>6
0 l
/kW
h(n
egle
cte
d in
WF
N
me
tho
d)
Different types of inventory
43© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Impact assessment
• Impacts of freshwater consumption on
human health, ecosystem quality and
resource (Pfister and al. 2009)
• Impact of thermal pollution in freshwater
aquatic environments (Verones et al. 2010)
• Impact of groundwater extraction on
disappearance of plant species (Van Zelm
et al. 2010)
• Impact of hydropower water use on aquatic
biodiversity damages (Maendly and
Humbert 2009)
44© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Comparison with total impacts
45
LCSA, SETAC
Water stress vs Global warming vs impact on Human health from other pollutants (all at midpoint)
46
Note that when using the current midpoint approach based on a water scarcity potential, the water stress score for any other country than India
would have a different absolute value, but the same ranking (same structure of the bars of the graph) because the difference between two
countries is a single multiplication factor.
© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Water stress (France and India) vs Global warming vs impact on Human health from other pollutants (all at endpoint)
47© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Total impact on human health
48
1.5E-4
© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Water (France and India) vs Global warming vs total impact on Ecosystem quality (all at endpoint)
49© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.
LCSA, SETAC
Total impact on ecosystem quality
50
Def
ore
stat
ion
? (
in I
nd
ia)
© Quantis. In process of being published. Please contact Quantis before citing any results from this method.