Introduction to the Semantic Web
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Transcript of Introduction to the Semantic Web
![Page 1: Introduction to the Semantic Web](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062418/55506850b4c90524138b45a5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Semantic Web - a useful, usable
technology?Liddy Nevile
La Trobe University
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• The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries. It is a collaborative effort led by W3C with participation from a large number of researchers and industrial partners. It is based on the Resource Description Framework ( RDF ), which integrates a variety of applications using XML for syntax and URIs for naming. - W3C
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• WWW2004 Semantic Web Track and Devday Presentations Online 2004-05-26 ,The W3C Track on the Semantic Web and the Semantic Web Developers Day presentations are now online. These presentations provide a status update on the Semantic Web Activity at the W3C and highlight examples of industry adoption and novel applications using Semantic Web technologies.
• See http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/
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• "The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. ”
-- Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila, The Semantic Web , Scientific American, May 2001
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A use case
• DCMI has elements, terms, schemata, as well as growing sets of documents. All these need to be managed. What happens when new terms are created, when new documents are generated?
• Can the semantic web technology being developed make this nightmare of human management an automated task?
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A better question …
• Can metadata become operational so it does some of the things that we have had to do to it in the past?
• Instead of having to develop applications to sort and shift information about, can we get the information to do that work for us?
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General Public (on the Web)
Users(with middle wear/
AT / Browsers)
Website
Your Current Website
Semantic Annotations, Automatic Fixes, Database
views Engine
Layer of Meaning
PresentationalLayer
Alternativeversions
Untouchedoriginal
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Before….
As see on the Web
Navigation Bar made with images-only. Completely inaccessible to assistive technology.
Relationship between text and form elements inaccessible to assistive technology.
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After…(1)
Meaning behind images is known
Relationship between text and form elements is known
Enhanced Navigation for screen readers, PDA’s and orientation
As see on the Web
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Middleware Architecture (taken from SWAP)
Original HTML
SWAP MLTranslation rules
Semantic annotations Data Base
XHTML
Scenario-specific transformations XHTM
L
XHTML
XHTMLOriginal
presentationExtract
presentationScenario-
specific CSSRules and
transformations
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Semantic web
• Additional layers of information– Provide meanings of terms– Provide relationship information– Links to relevant information– Links to relevant people
• Allow software agents to manipulate this information
• Ontology defines terms
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Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• Language for semantic web• Not just machine readable information• Also machine understandable informationeg:<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:s="http://description.org/schema/"><rdf:Description about="http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila" bagID="D_001"><s:Creator>Ora Lassila</s:Creator><s:Title>Ora's Home Page</s:Title></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
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Ontology
• System of concepts and relations between them:– Table [is piece of] furniture– Arm [is part of] body– Japan [is located in] East Asia
• A method for storing and representing knowledge
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EGs of types of annotations
• Meaning behind text gaps – text equivalents• Relationship to applications – no frames / functional
equivalents• Relationship between text nodes and form elements -
accessible forms and labels• Structural identification of page elements -
orientation• Role information – this is a data, types of content• Concepts – implied content• Resolving ambiguities and relative importance –
simplifications• Plus interpretation = communication of
knowledge
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Relationships and meanings
• This picture has meaning of welcome• This picture is a link to the home page• This color code implies feminine
relevance• This list of links is similar to a main menu• This format is similar to a title• This paragraph is less important for this
user group• The word ‘it’ refers to the table
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Components
• an ontology for accessibility
• a authoring tool for creating RDF using this ontology for specific pages
• a user agent that renders accessible pages based on our ontology
• a flexible testing tool
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Roles and rel’ships (predicates)
• IsBlock - point to a block of links (is included in V1 of SWAP) and associates a content type
• BelongsToBlock - associates link or section of content with a block (IsBlock) (is included in V1 of SWAP)
• ContentType - associates a section of content or link with a content type
• Header - points to link block header, Can also associate a block of links (sub-menu) with a parent menu, etc
• SubmenuOf - associates a sub-menu with main menu
• Association – Implied meaning behind the content and presentation
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Properties
• Advertisement • Warning (less safe) • Off-site • Important • Less important
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Annotation Based Accessibility
• Provide conditional alternate content• Address traditionally problematic areas in
accessibility– Interfaces for cognitive / age related disabilities – Summaries, clarifications and illustrations for
these disabilities can be hidden..
• Address emerging accessibility issues– Inaccessible languages– Schemas can be annotated– Elements can be marked as “similar”..
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What else can it do?
• Allow anyone to annotate any document with alternatives
• Attach a user profile to alterative content• Concept mapping / sign and symbols • Remove ambiguity in language• Device independence• Knowledge systems integration• Support for internationalization /
localization and translation ….
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Quinkan Example 1
• Translation .. service QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Tommy George inspecting red rock ochre.
"A lot of paintings are made in red."
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Quinkan Example 2
• Objects without explanation
• How is it done?
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“A hand stencil”
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SVG images<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd" [ <!ENTITY st0 "fill-rule:nonzero;clip-rule:nonzero;stroke:#000000;stroke-miterlimit:4;"> <!ENTITY font1 'font-family:"Verdana";'><!ENTITY size1 "font-size:24;">]>
<svg width="690" height="182" viewBox="130 10 550 220" xml:space="preserve">
<g id="Ebene_x0020_1" style="&st0;"><image width="690" height="182"
xlink:href="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEAYABgAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjL/wAARCAC2ArIDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/
………</g>…..
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Quinkan Example 3
• When Aboriginal people meet, they greet each other with lengthy descriptions of their identity and family connections.
• Tom adds his photo.• Mary adds her photo.• The relationship between them is in the
metadata (dc:subject and dc:description)
but it is not operational.
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How do we represent families?
• Traditional western ‘family tree’– has-mother, has-father– -> has-grandmother, has-grandfather,
has-sibling,...
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How do we represent families?
• Traditional western ‘family tree’– has-mother, has-father– -> has-grandmother, has-grandfather,
has-sibling,...
• Start with Friend-of-a-friend (FOAF)?
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Graphical cataloguing<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf='http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#' xmlns:NS0='http://quinkan.org/index.html#'> <rdf:Description rdf:about='#red'> <rdf:type rdf:resource='http://quinkan.org/index.html#colour'/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about='#A0'> <rdf:type rdf:resource='http://quinkan.org/index.html#person'/> <NS0:has-name rdf:resource='#TommyGeorge'/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about='#AADXEVJJKH'> <rdf:type rdf:resource='http://quinkan.org/index.html#Getty-colour'/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about='#TommyGeorge'> <rdf:type rdf:resource='http://quinkan.org/index.html#name'/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about='#r23g67b98i'> <rdf:type rdf:resource='http://quinkan.org/index.html#Q-colour-code'/> <NS0:is-same-as rdf:resource='#098734827'/> <NS0:is-same-as rdf:resource='#AADXEVJJKH'/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about='#098734827'> <rdf:type rdf:resource='http://quinkan.org/index.html#CIMIcolour'/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about='#pfgjner25243'>
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and lots more…..
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• So how do we understand the semantic web?
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The drawers method
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The filing cabinet
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Metadata labels
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RDF Labels
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RDF labels for labelsHas father Fred
Has mother Mary
Has father Fred
Has mother not-Mary
Has sister Jean
Has half-sister Jean
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RDF Labels
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The Yolngu Language Project
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Metaphors
• The intelligent links ...• The patchwork quilt …• We can find not only what we want
but about what interests us …
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• Semantic Web Best Practices and Deployment Working Group (see http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/
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SWeb Task Forces
The following task forces are in progress: • OEP - Ontology Engineering and Patterns
Coordinator: Deb McGuinness • PORT - Porting Thesaurii to RDF and OWL
description Coordinator: Dan Brickley
• WordNET description, notes toward revised description Coordinator: Aldo Gangemi
• WRLD - World View description Coordinator: Jim Hendler
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SWeb Task Forces
The following task forces are under discussion to start:
• VM - Vocabulary Management description Coordinator: Tom Baker
• XSCH - XML Schema Datatypes description Coordinator: Jeremy Carroll & (open - XML Schema WG)
• HTML - Embedding RDF in HTML • ADTF - Applications and Demos description
Coordinators: Libby Miller, Brian McBride
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SWeb Task Forces
Other task forces that have expressions of interest from WG members include:
• Coping with evolving ontologies • Links to MPEG • Style conventions (naming, namespaces, uri,
rdf:label usage) • Tools index • Ontology Design Issues • Units and measures
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Semantic Web Tools
• W3C Co-ordinated activity - see http://www.w3.org/RDF/#developers
(local)
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• Thank you.