Introduction to The Animal Kingdom

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What is an Animal?

• Animals are heterotrophic, eukaryotic and multicellular organisms whose cells lack cell walls

• 95% invertebrates (do not have a backbone)

• 5% vertebrates (have a backbone)

• 7 Essential functions of animals

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1. Feeding

• Herbivore = eats plants

• Carnivore = eats animals

• Omnivore = eats plants and animals

• Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material

• Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from water

• Parasite = lives in or on another organism

http://fl1504015.edublogs.org/files/2012/02/food_chain-24s0jcx.jpghttp://www.yourdictionary.com/images/definitions/lg/filter-feeder.jpg

http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/detail-tick-parasite-skin-9896425.jpg

2. Respiration

• Take in O2 and give off CO2 

• Different Methods:– Lungs– Gills– Through skin– Simple diffusion

http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/71/103771-004-CFAF92C6.gif

3. Circulation

• Very small animals use diffusion to get nutrients and oxygen to cells

• Larger animals have circulatory systems

http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_animalmovement_graphik_33.png

4. Excretion

• Primary waste product is ammonia

• Kidney is the main organ for liquid waste excretion

http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-110/L_IMG_figure1.gif

5 Response

• Receptor cells:– Sound– Light– External stimuli

• Nerve cells => nervous system

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/nervsys_2.gif

6. Movement

• Most animals are motile (can move)

• Muscles usually work with a skeleton

http://webecoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/animals.jpg

7. Reproduction

• Most reproduce sexually – Genetic diversity

• Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually – Increase their numbers rapidly

http://www.sritweets.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/dog-and-puppies.jpg

Trends in Animal Evolution• Body Symmetry -the body plan of an

animal, how its parts are arranged

• Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges)

• Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish)

• Bilateral Symmetry - has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats, etc)

Jellyfish Video

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/symmetrydiagram.gif

Cephalization - anterior concentration of sense organs, basically the organism has a head, usually with eyes, nose

and other sense organs, plus a brain

http://images.emedicinehealth.com/images/4453/4453-4464-63362-71462.jpg

Body Sides

• Anterior – Towards head

• Posterior – Towards Tails

• Dorsal – Back side

• Ventral – Front side

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/lizard4_dorsal_ventral.gif

Segmentation - segments of the body become specialized for specific purposes

http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/tagmatization.jpg

Early Development

• Zygote - fertilized egg

• Blastula - a hollow ball of cells

• Blastopore - the blastula folds in creating an opening

• Protostome – where mouth is formed from blastopore

• Deuterosome – where anus if formed from blastopore

• Anus - opening for solid waste removal from digestive tract

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/141993_Protostome_vs_Deuterostome.jpg..jpg

The cells of most animals differentiate into three distinct germ layers

• Endoderm - (innermost) develops into the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory tract

• Mesoderm - (middle) muscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

• Ectoderm - (outermost) sense organs, nerves, outer layer of skin

http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL3530/DB_01/figB1_B.jpg

9 Animal Phyla

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/zoology/animalphylogenetics/images/fig14.gif

1. Phylum Porifera (sponges)

http://palaeos.com/metazoa/porifera/images/rigida.jpg

2. Phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, jellyfish, coral, hydra)

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archdata/Gershwin_Collins/Ccolorata.JPG

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/pseudobiceros.jpg

4. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

5. Phylum Annelida (segmented worms, earthworms, leeches)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Regenwurm1.jpg

6. Phylum Mollusca (clam, squid, snails, slugs)

http://angelfire.com/mo3/invertzoo/images/Mollusca.jpg

7. Phylum Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arachnida/tarantula.jpg

8. Phylum Echinodermata (starfish)

http://www.palaeos.org/images/thumb/5/5a/Acanthaster_planci.jpg/340px-Acanthaster_planci.jpg

9. Phylum Chordata (includes all vertebrates)

http://sevennaturalwonders.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/shutterstock_60362779-1.jpg

Round Worms

• Kingdom: Animalia

• Phylum: Nematoda

• Contain unsegmented worms

Ascaris 

http://www.thelifetree.com/images/roundworms06.jpg

Insides

• Pseudocoelom (“false coelom”)

• Coelom-(sea-lum) Fluid filled cavity made from the mesoderm

• Body cavity contains organs

• Digestive tract with two openings (mouth and anus)

Round worm anatomy

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/roundworm.jpg

Feeding

• They are predators when they are free living

• Parasites to humans and animals as well

http://www.harpercollege.edu/ls-hs/bio/dept/guide/gallery/aquatic_worms/original/aquatic_roundworm_nematode(4).jpg

http://altered-states.net/barry/bobbeck/roundworms.jpg

Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction

• Separate sexes (male and female)

http://images.tutorvista.com/content/animal-kingdom/roundworm-anatomy.jpeg

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Roundworms and disease

http://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/assets/images/rw1.jpg

Trichinosis (trichinella worm)

• Cysts within the muscles are consumed (undercooked food)

• Worm then grows in the intestine

• Forms cysts within the muscles of the new host

• Causes terrible pain in muscles

http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/images/hdc_0001_0003_0_img0274.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Trichinella_LifeCycle.gif

Filarial Worms - found in Tropical regions of Asia

• Usually transmitted by mosquitoes

• Causes elephantiasis

http://endtheneglect.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Lymphatic-Filariasis2.jpg

http://feastingonroadkill.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/FilarialWorm.jpg

Ascarid Worms (common roundworm)

• Lives in the intestine

• Eggs are passed out in the feces

Ascarid worms

http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/images/hdc_0001_0001_0_img0028.jpg

http://ascarislumbricoides.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/tumblr_lfrk4bGl7F1qcmrkno1_500.jpg

Hookworms

• Burrow into the skin from soil

• Mature in the intestines

• Hooks used to attach and suck blood

http://scienceblogs.com/zooillogix/wp-content/blogs.dir/253/files/2012/04/i-9d474a05d968355afa4953048c76373a-Hookworm%20Foot.jpg

http://scienceblogs.com/zooillogix/wp-content/blogs.dir/253/files/2012/04/i-5638032170c8ecc51dbc6254467472f4-Hookworm.jpg

C.elegans

• First organism to have DNA completely sequenced

• Very simple, free living round worm