Emergency Response to Terrorism TC: Emergency Medical Services Unit 1:Introduction.
Introduction To Terrorism
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INTRODUCTION TO TERRORISM
FAHEEM UL HASAN
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Outline Definitions• Conceiving and Evaluating the Threat• Waves Theory• Terror Typologies• Old Vs. New Terrorism• Terrorist Organizations• Terrorist Attack Cycles• Response trends and Issues
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Terms & Definitions
Terrorism – A Functional Definition The use or threatened use of violence against non-combatants, for the purposes though not exclusive purposes, of changing the policy or policies of a given society. International vs. Domestic Terrorism
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Radicalisation & Extremism
Radical Latin radix for the rood Extremism is a label, usually pejorative meaning outside the mainstream.
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Conceiving the Threat
Ideas – Internet STRATEGIC Groups – Al Qaeda, Jemaah Islamia, ASG,
OPERATIONAL Individuals and small groups – homegrown
jihadists TACTICAL
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Evaluating the Threat
Ideas – Internet STRATEGIC Groups – Al Qaeda, Jemaah ,Islamia, ASG, OPERATIONAL Individuals and small groups – homegrown
jihadists TACTICAL
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The Waves Theory Anarchists -1880’s -1914 Ethno-Nationalists/ Independence -
1919-1998 Ideological -1920s-1991 Religio Political -1979-current
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Traditional “Old” Terrorism
Secular motivations Hierarchical structure Symbolic violence
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ETHNO-NATIONALIST GROUPS Nationalist: LTTE (Sri Lanka) PKK (Turkey) ETA (Spain) FRETILIN ( East Timor) ETA (Spain) PLO (Palestine) FLN (Algeria) Lehi, Irgun (Israel) MNLF (Philippines)
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ETHNO-NATIONALIST GROUPS
Irredentist: IRA (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Northern Ireland) JKLF (Kashmir) KLA (Kosovo) EOKA (Cyprus)
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Leftist / Revolutionary FARC (Colombia) Shining Path (Peru) Tupac Amaru (Peru) PFLP (Palestine) RAF (Germany) Maoists (Nepal) Japanese Red Army (Japan) Red Brigades (Italy) November 17 (Greece) Weather Underground (USA)
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Rightist / Reactionary Ku Klux Klan (USA) Aryan Nations (USA) Arizona Vipers (USA) Skinheads (Europe) AUC (Colombia) Omega 7 (USA/Cuba) Independent Committee for the Liberation of the Kidnappers (Colombia)
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The New Type Of Terror Religious Motivation Networked structure Binary world view: Us and Them, Tag
hoot Violence a “moral imperative” Cyberspace, Critical Infrastructure and
the Danger of CBRN Terror.
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Religio-Political Groups Al-Qaeda Jemaah Islamiyah GIA (Algeria) GSPC (Algeria) Hamas (Palestine) Islamic Jihad (Palestine) Babbar Khalsa (India) Hezbollah (Lebanon) Kahane Chai (Israel)
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Single issue groups
Animal rights (ALF) Environmentalist (Earth First!) Anti-abortion (Army of God) Other
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TERRORIST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONAL NETWORK LEADERS EXPERTS CELLS SUPPORT NETWORK SUPPORTERS SYMPATHIZERS PUBLIC
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JMB-A Case Study
Founded in 1998 Foundational Roots in the Ahle Hadith Movement Bangladesh (AHAB) Mutation into Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB) in 2002-2004 Major Attacks in the period 2001-2005. The Dirty Flot – A Foray into the Domain of CBRN Terror?
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The Serial Bomb Blasts Key Points
Specific target sets Leaflets at every attack site Not intended in mass killing Size and Scale of the Attack Achieving Surprise
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Strategic Communication Strong emphasis on strategic communication• Multi Platform strategy for communication• Making strong arguments using religion• Fighting the ‘Tag hoot’• Increased reliance on audio visual means
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Operational Structures Organizational Linked Cells
Semi-Linked Cells Independent Cells Lone Wolf
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Terrorist Attack Cycle
Concept Planning and Development Rehearsal Attack Escape & Evasion Exploitation
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The Evolving Threat
STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL
TACTICAL
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Strategic Trends
Terrorist• Al Qaeda in a Strategic Cul de Sac• Shift in Motivations • Shift in Focus
Non-Terrorist• Fear and Uncertainty Rule• What model is next?• Is the Interwar Period ending?
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Operational Trends
Think Globally Act Locally• Return of the Organization• Networks less Important• Aviation Remains a Critical
Target
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Tactical Trends
Home-Grown Cells• Increase Attacks on Transportation• Devolution of Attacks• Knowledge Transfer
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Global / Regional UN no political impact limited practical impact Lack of Comprehensive Regional Approach towards CT in South Asia Transnational Cooperation Still at a Minimal Level In the Absence of Effective Bilateral or
Multilateral Cooperation, the Terrorist Organizations Thrive
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Response Trends
•Strong and EffectiveKinetic Response• Lagging but IncreasingIdeological Response• Anti-Jihadi Backlash
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Conclusions Religio-Political Terrorism is a long-term threat Need to Address the Deeper Issues of
Radicalisation and Extremism Addressing the Governance Deficit Identity and Integration will be Significant Think Globally act Locally Primary Response is Political and Primarily non-
Kinetic
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Thank You