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![Page 1: Introduction to TCP/IP. What is an internet? A set of interconnected networks The Internet is the most famous example Networks can be completely different.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01f1a28abf838cd1736/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to TCP/IP
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What is an internet?
• A set of interconnected networks• The Internet is the most famous example
• Networks can be completely different– Ethernet, ATM, modem, …– (TCP/)IP is what links them
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What is an internet? (cont)
• Routers (nodes) are devices on multiple networks that pass traffic between them
• Individual networks pass traffic from one router or endpoint to another
• TCP/IP hides the details as much as possible
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What is TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• TCP/IP refers to an entire suite of networking protocols, developed for use on the Internet
• TCP and IP are certainly two of the most important
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TCP/IP Characteristics
• TCP/IP provides the services necessary to interconnect computers and to interconnect networks, creating the Internet
• Independence from underlying network topology, physical network hardware, and OS
• Unique IP Address• Universal connectivity throughout the network• Standardize high-level protocols
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TCP/IP Internetworking
TokenRing
FDDI
Private Netsand Internet
Router
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TCP/IP Networking Software
• TCP/IP protocol suites define a set of universal communication services
• Services can be implemented in a standardized manner in the networking software, normally bundled with OS
TCP/IP Comm. Software
InternetTCP/IP Comm. Software
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TCP/IP and Internet
• 1957 USSR sputnik, USA established ARPA• 1969 ARPA funded ARPANET• 1971 Network with 15 nodes• 1974 Cerf/Kahn Protocol• 1973 Ethernet (Ph.D Disssertation Bob Metcalfe)• 1982/83 TCP/IP as a core protocol • 1983 4.2 BSD Unix with TCP/IP from UCB
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Internet growth
Year #Hosts69 4 84 1024 87 28174 90 313000 91 617000 92 1.1M93 2.0M 94 3.8M 95 6.6M 96 12.8M
1/97 16M 2014 3000M
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TCP/IP Architectural Layers
Application
Transport
Internet
Network
Physical
NetworkApplications
End-to-endServices
Routing
Transmission
Network Interface
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TCP/IP majors protocols
Physical
Application
Transport
Internet
Network
FTP TELNET SMTP TFTP NFS NTP SNMP NNTPDNS BOOTP DHCP HTTP X-windows
TCP UDP
IP
Network Driver Software
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OSI and Protocol StackOSI: Open Systems Interconnect
OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols
7th
Application Layer
6th
Presentation Layer
5th
Session Layer
4th
Transport Layer
3rd
Network Layer
2nd
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Link Layer
Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface cardNetwork Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. RoutingTransport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hostsApplication Layer : handles the details of the particular application
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Packet Encapsulation The data is sent down the protocol stack Each layer adds to the data by prepending headers
22Bytes20Bytes20Bytes 4Bytes
64 to 1500 Bytes
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Internet Layer
• Packaging• Addressing• Routing
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Core Internet Layer Protocols
• IP– A connectionless unreliable protocol that is part of the
TCP/IP protocol suite• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
– Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
– Diagnostics and error reporting• (IGMP) Internet Group Management Protocol
– Management of group multicast
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IP
• Responsible for end to end transmission
• Sends data in individual packets• Maximum size of packet is
determined by the networks– Fragmented if too large
• Unreliable– Packets might be lost, corrupted,
duplicated, delivered out of order
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IP addresses
• 4 bytes– e.g. 163.1.125.98– Each device normally gets one (or more)– In theory there are about 4 billion available
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Routing
• How does a device know where to send a packet?– All devices need to know what IP addresses are on
directly attached networks– If the destination is on a local network, send it directly
there
• If the destination address isn’t local– Most non-router devices just send everything to a
single local router– Routers need to know which network corresponds to
each possible IP address
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IP packets
• Source and destination addresses • Various options
– e.g. to control fragmentation
• Time to live (TTL)– Prevent routing loops
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IP Routing
• Routing TableDestination IP address IP address of a next-hop router Flags Network interface specification
Application
Transport
Network
Link
Application
Transport
Network
Link
Network
Link
Source Destination
Router
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Transport Layer
• Sequencing and transmission of packets• Acknowledgment of receipts• Recovery of packets• Flow control• In essence, it engages in host-to-host
transportation of data packets and the delivery of them to the application layer
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Core Protocols of the Transport Layer
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Transport Layer
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TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)• One-to-one and connection-oriented reliable
protocol• Used in the accurate transmission of large
amount of data• Slower compared to UDP because of
additional error checking being performed
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TCP implementation
• Connections are established using a three-way handshake
• Data is divided up into packets by the operating system
• Packets are numbered, and received packets are acknowledged
• Connections are explicitly closed– (or may abnormally terminate)
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TCP Packets
• Source + destination ports• Sequence number (used to order packets)• Acknowledgement number (used to verify
packets are received)
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TCP : Data transferHostClien
tSend Packet 1Start Timer
Retransmit Packet1Start Timer
Packet should arrive ACK should be sent
ACK would normallyArrive at this time
Receive Packet 1Send AXK 1
Time Expires
Receive ACK 1Cancel Timer
Packet LostTimer
Timer
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UDP• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)• One-to-one or one-to-many,connectionless and unreliable
protocol• Used for the transmission of small amount of data
– Accuracy is not of prime concern– The overhead of establishing a TCP connection is not warranted
• Used in video and audio casting– Multicasting– Broadcasting
• Also used for multimedia transmission• Faster compared to TCP
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WAP
• Wireless Application Protocol• Technical standard for accessing information
over a mobile wireless network• A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile
devices such as mobile phones that uses the protocol.
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Web Server
Content
CGIScripts
etc.
WM
L D
ecks
with
WM
L-Sc
ript
WAP Gateway
WML Encoder
WMLScriptCompiler
Protocol Adapters
Client
WML
WML-Script
WTAI
Etc.
HTTPWSP/WTP
WAP Architecture
Source: WAP Forum
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WAP Architecture
• Another lookKey Components
• Origin/Web Server• WAP Gateway/Proxy• WAP Protocol Stack• Micro Browser• WML/WML Script• Transcoders• WTA
Source: WAP Forum
WTA –Wireless Telephony Application
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WAP: Network Elementswireless networkfixed network
WAPproxy
WTAserver
filter/WAPproxyweb
server
filter
PSTN
Internet
Binary WML: binary file format for clientsPSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
Binary WML
Binary WML
Binary WML
HTML
HTML
HTML WML
WMLHTML
Source: Schiller
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WAP Specifies
• Wireless Application Environment
– WML Microbrowser– WMLScript Virtual Machine– WMLScript Standard Library– Wireless Telephony Application Interface (WTAI)– WAP content types
• Wireless Protocol Stack
– Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)– Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)– Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)– Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)– Wireless network interface definitions
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WAP Stack
MicroBrowser (WML, WMLScript, WTA, WTAI)
Runs on top of WDPProvided lightweight X-oriented service• Unreliable 1-way request• Reliable 1-way/2-way req./response
Lightweight SSLUses WIM/PKI-Cards
Datagram service on different bearersConvergence between bearer services
Different Wireless Tech.
Source: WAP Forum
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WAP Stack• WAE (Wireless Application Environment):
– Architecture: application model, browser, gateway, server– WML: XML-Syntax, based on card stacks, variables, ...– WTA: telephone services, such as call control, phone book etc.
• WSP (Wireless Session Protocol):– Provides HTTP 1.1 functionality – Supports session management, security, etc.
• WTP (Wireless Transaction Protocol):– Provides reliable message transfer mechanisms– Based on ideas from TCP/RPC
• WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security):– Provides data integrity, privacy, authentication functions– Based on ideas from TLS/SSL
• WDP (Wireless Datagram Protocol):– Provides transport layer functions– Based on ideas from UDP
Content encoding, optimized for low-bandwidth channels, simple devices
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Domain Name System (DNS)
DNS Server 130.182.125.66www.refer.com
• The Internet users use DNS to reference anything by name on the Internet• Resolves domain names to IP addresses and vice versa
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Top-Level Domains
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Governs the transmission of mail messages and attachments
• SMTP is used in the case of outgoing messages • More powerful protocols such as POP3 and
IMAP4 are needed and available to manage incoming messages
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2: Application Layer38
Electronic Mail
• Three major components: user agents mail servers simple mail transfer protocol:
SMTP
User Agent a.k.a. “mail reader” composing, editing, reading mail
messages e.g., Eudora, Outlook, elm,
Mozilla Thunderbird outgoing, incoming messages
stored on server
user mailbox
outgoing message queue
mailserver
useragent
useragent
useragent
mailserver
useragent
useragent
mailserver
useragent
SMTP
SMTP
SMTP
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2: Application Layer39
Electronic Mail: mail servers
• Mail Servers mailbox contains incoming
messages for user message queue of outgoing
(to be sent) mail messages SMTP protocol between mail
servers to send email messages client: sending mail server “server”: receiving mail
server
mailserver
useragent
useragent
useragent
mailserver
useragent
useragent
mailserver
useragent
SMTP
SMTP
SMTP
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2: Application Layer40
Electronic Mail: SMTP [RFC 2821]
uses TCP to reliably transfer email message from client to server, Port 25
direct transfer: sending server to receiving server three phases of transfer
handshaking (greeting) transfer of messages closure
command/response interaction commands: ASCII text response: status code and phrase
messages must be in 7-bit ASCII
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2: Application Layer41
Scenario: Alice sends message to Bob
• 1) Alice uses UA to compose message and “to” [email protected]
• 2) Alice’s UA sends message to her mail server; message placed in message queue
• 3) Client side of SMTP opens TCP connection with Bob’s mail server
• 4) SMTP client sends Alice’s message over the TCP connection
• 5) Bob’s mail server places the message in Bob’s mailbox
• 6) Bob invokes his user agent to read message
useragent
mailserver
mailserver user
agent
1
2 3 4 56
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Mail message format
• SMTP: protocol for exchanging email msgs
header lines, e.g., To: From: Subject:
different from SMTP commands! body
the “message”, ASCII characters only
header
body
blankline
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NVT – Network Virtual Terminal
MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
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Mail access protocols
SMTP: delivery/storage to receiver’s server Mail access protocol: retrieval from server
POP: Post Office Protocol [RFC 1939]
• authorization (agent <-->server) and download IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730]
• more features (more complex)
• manipulation of stored msgs on server HTTP: gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc.
useragent
sender’s mail server
useragent
SMTP SMTP accessprotocol
receiver’s mail server
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POP3 and SMTP
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POP
• Post Office Protocol, a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Most e-mail applications (sometimes called an e-mail client) use the POP protocol, although some can use the newer IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol).
• There are two versions of POP. The first, called POP2, became a standard in the mid-80's and requires SMTP to send messages. The newer version, POP3, can be used with or without SMTP. POP3 uses TCP/IP Port 110.
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IMAPIMAP is an Internet Message Access Protocol. It is
a method of accessing electronic mail messages that are kept on a possibly shared mail server. In other words, it permits a "client" email program to access remote message stores as if they were local. For example, email stored on an IMAP server can be manipulated from a desktop computer at home, a workstation at the office, and a notebook computer while travelling, without the need to transfer messages or files back and forth between these computers. IMAP uses TCP/IP Port 143.
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POP3 vs IMAP• With IMAP, all your mail stays on the server in multiple
folders, some of which you have created. This enables you to connect to any computer and see all your mail and mail folders. In general, IMAP is great if you have a dedicated connection to the Internet or you like to check your mail from various locations.
• With POP3 you only have one folder, the Inbox folder. When you open your mailbox, new mail is moved from the host server and saved on your computer. If you want to be able to see your old mail messages, you have to go back to the computer where you last opened your mail.
• With POP3 "leave mail on server" only your email messages are on the server, but with IMAP your email folders are also on the server.
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Telnet – Remote Login
• Uses a client/server model to define a standard way in which to interact with a remote system.– The telnet protocol is the basis for many protocols
• FTP, HTTP, SMTP, NTTP just to name a few.– They don’t open a telnet connection, just use the protocol
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Netprog: TELNET 50
TELNET vs. telnet• TELNET is a protocol that provides “a
general, bi-directional, eight-bit byte
oriented communications facility”.
• telnet is a program that supports the
TELNET protocol over TCP.
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51
Figure 18.1 Local login
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52
Figure 18.2 Remote login
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53
Via a universal interface called the Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) character set, the TELNET client translates characters (data or commands) that come from the local terminal into NVT form and delivers them to the network. The TELNET server translates data and commands from NVT form into the form acceptable by the remote computer.
NETWORK VIRTUAL TERMINAL (NVT)
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite 54
Concept of NVT
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Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Protocol relating to web applications• Current version of HTTP 1.1 has additional
features– Upload information to the server
• Default Port number is 80
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• RFC 959• File Transfer Protocol
– Used for downloading from most MP3 sites, for example• Designed for faster file transfer over the Internet compared to
using the HTTP protocol• uses two TCP Ports
– one for control– one for data transfers
• command-response protocol• control port uses telnet protocol to negotiate session
– US-ASCII– <crlf> is end-of-line character
• FTP default ports are 20 and 21
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
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File Transfer Protocol - Transmission Modes
• Mode is used to specify additional coding or sequencing performed on data
• independent of data type and file structure– Stream S stream of bytes– Block B file sent as sequence of blocks
preceded by header info– Compressed C data compressed using run length
encoding
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HTTP and FTP
• File transfer under FTP is faster than file transfer under HTTP
• Choose an FTP site if there is one for downloading files etc.