Introduction to Storm Surge - severeweather.wmo.int€¦ · Introduction to Storm Surge. Hurricane...
Transcript of Introduction to Storm Surge - severeweather.wmo.int€¦ · Introduction to Storm Surge. Hurricane...
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Introduction to Storm Surge
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Hurricane Ike (2008) - Bolivar Peninsula, Texas
20 deaths, $29.5 billion
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• Introduction to Storm Surge
• Who is vulnerable?
• What is Storm Surge?
• Factors affecting Storm Surge
• Measuring Storm Surge
• Data and associated limitations
Unit Outline
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Myth or Fact?
I live miles from the beach, so
storm surge is not my problem.
Myth
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New Bern, NC – Hurricane Florence
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New Bern, NC – Hurricane Florence
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New Bern, NC – Hurricane Florence
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Ike’s track
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House of David and Kimberly King Waveland, Mississippi
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Question
Are some areas more vulnerable to storm surge than others?
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Myth or Fact?
Storm surge does not affect
urban areas.
Myth
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Storm Surge from Hurricane Sandy Alphabet City (East Village), Manhattan, NY
8th St./Ave. C, Manhattan, NY
(YouTube/Kevin Barnett)
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Storm Surge from Hurricane Irma Downtown Miami
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Hurricane Irma Tampa Bay, FL
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What exactly is storm surge
and how does it work?
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Total Water
Total water level = Storm surge + Tides + Wave setup + Freshwater
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What are Storm Surge and Storm Tide?
STORM SURGE is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide.
STORM TIDE is the water level rise during a storm due to
the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide
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• Breaking waves also contribute to the total water level through wave runup/setup
• WAVE RUNUP is the time-varying fluctuation of water-level elevation at the shoreline due to wave breaking
• WAVE SETUP is the time-averaged water level rise due to wave breaking
• The magnitude of both runup and setup are related to offshore wave period, wave height, and shelf slope
What about Waves?
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Wave Runup
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Wave Runup and Setup
Wave Runup
Wave Setup
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Freshwater Input
• River input, esp. into bays and sounds • Mississippi River discharges 200,000 – 700,000 cubic feet per second
• Rainfall
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Myth or Fact?
Water levels can increase long before
the wind and rain hazards begin.
Fact
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Galveston Day before Ike arrived
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Myth or Fact?
Category 4 hurricanes always produce
more storm surge than Category 1
hurricanes.
Myth
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No More Surge in the Saffir-Simpson Scale!
(it fits like a square peg in a round hole)
IKE (2)
KATRINA (3)
CHARLEY (4)
SANDY (1) ISAAC (1)
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No Such Thing as “Just a Tropical Storm”
Louisiana State Rd. 23 near Myrtle Grove Tropical Storm Lee (2011)
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b. Side view of Cross Section “ABC” a. Top view of Sea Surface
0’
5O’
100’
150’
200’
Wind
Current
A B C MSL
A B
Eye
C
Wind
Deep Water
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From Deep Water to Shallow Water
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Understanding Surge
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Question
What are the factors that affect storm surge?
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• Central Pressure
• Intensity (wind speed)
• Forward Speed
• Size – Radius of Maximum Winds (RMW)
• Angle of Approach
• Width and Slope of Shelf
• Local features – concavity of coastlines, bays, rivers, headlands, or islands
Factors Affecting Storm Surge
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Effects of Low Pressure
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15 mph stronger
Intensity (Wind Speed)
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Forward Speed
Slow Speed (5 mph)
• More inland
penetration
Fast Speed (25 mph)
• Higher
maximum
Rego, J. L., and C. Li (2009). Forward speed of a hurricane. Geophysical Research Letters, 36.
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Size (Radius of Max Winds)
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Size (Radius of Max Winds)
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NNW Motion NW Motion
Angle of Approach
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Wide shelf/
gentle slope
Narrow
shelf/ sharp
slope
Width and Slope of Shelf
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Barrier Island
Rivers
Concave coast
Sounds / Bays
Local Features