Introduction to statistics 1
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Transcript of Introduction to statistics 1
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 1-1
Chapter 1
Introduction and Data Collection
Basic Business Statistics10th Edition
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-2
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you learn:
How Statistics is used in business The sources of data used in business The types of data used in business
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-3
Basic Concepts of Statistics
Statistics is concerned with:
Processing and analyzing data Collecting, presenting, and transforming
data to assist decision makers
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-4
Key Definitions
A population (universe) is the collection of all members of a group
A sample is a portion of the population selected for analysis
A parameter is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a population
A statistic is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a sample
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-5
Population vs. Sample
a b c d
ef gh i jk l m n
o p q rs t u v w
x y z
Population Sample
b c
g i n
o r u
y
Measures used to describe a population are called parameters
Measures computed from sample data are called statistics
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-6
Two Branches of Statistics
Descriptive statistics Collecting, summarizing, and presenting data
Inferential statistics Drawing conclusions about a population based
only on sample data
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-7
Descriptive Statistics
Collect data e.g., Survey
Present data e.g., Tables and graphs
Characterize data
e.g., Sample mean = iX
n∑
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-8
Inferential Statistics
Estimation e.g., Estimate the population
mean weight using the sample mean weight
Hypothesis testing e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 120 pounds
Drawing conclusions about a population based on sample results.
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-9
Collecting Data
SecondaryData Compilation
Observation
Experimentation
Print or Electronic
Survey
PrimaryData Collection
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-10
Types of Data
Data
Categorical Numerical
Discrete Continuous
Examples:
Marital Status Political Party Eye Color (Defined categories) Examples:
Number of Children Defects per hour (Counted items)
Examples:
Weight Voltage (Measured characteristics)
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
Levels of Measurementand Measurement Scales
Interval Data
Ordinal Data
Nominal Data
Highest Level
(Strongest forms of measurement)
Higher Levels
Lowest Level
(Weakest form of measurement)
Categories (no ordering or direction)
Ordered Categories (rankings, order, or scaling)
Differences between measurements but no true zero
Ratio DataDifferences between measurements, true zero exists
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc..
Levels of Measurementand Measurement Scales
Interval Data
Ordinal Data
Nominal Data
Height, Age, Weekly Food Spending
Service quality rating, Standard & Poor’s bond rating, Student letter grades
Marital status, Type of car owned
Ratio Data
Temperature in Fahrenheit, Standardized exam score
Categories (no ordering or direction)
Ordered Categories (rankings, order, or scaling)
Differences between measurements but no true zero
Differences between measurements, true zero exists
EXAMPLES:
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Basic Business Statistics, 10e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chap 1-13
Chapter Summary
Reviewed basic concepts of statistics:♦ Population vs. Sample♦ Parameter vs. Statistic♦ Primary vs. Secondary data sources
Defined descriptive vs. inferential statistics Reviewed types of data and measurement scales
♦ Categorical vs. Numerical data♦ Discrete vs. Continuous data♦ Nominal and Ordinal scales♦ Interval and Ratio scales