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Introduction to Renewable Energy
Technologies
CTCN Webinar
Ujjwal Bhattacharjee, PhD
Shirish Garud
• Operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism
• Consortium of organizations from all regions
• Mission to stimulate technology cooperation and enhance the
development and deployment of technologies in developing countries
• Technologies include any equipment, technique, knowledge and skill
needed for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and for adapting to
climate change effects
• Core services include:
o Technical assistance to developing countries
o Knowledge platform on climate technologies
o Support to collaboration and partnerships
The Climate Technology Centre and Network
An introduction to climate technologies…
CTCN Webinar Series
Cities
Ecosystem based technologies
Coastal management
BuildingEnergy
Water
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Disaster and early warning
Transport
WastePoverty
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Interaction
Training Objective
Participants will gain insights on the following:
• Why renewable energy (RE) is important in mitigating
climate change impacts
• Importance of RE resource assessment
• Policies to promote RE
• What are different barriers hindering RE deployment
• Different business models to promote RE
• Few case studies demonstrating RE applications
Content
• Objectives
• RE for Climate Change Mitigation
• Policies and Barriers
• RE Resource Potential
• Financing RE for Mitigation
• Case Studies
• Documents and Sources
Climate change effects,
Consequences & RE Status
CO2 Emissions Scenarios by 2050 from Energy
Use: Reference Case and RE (TERI study)
• CO2 emission reduces drastically to 26% of 2011 levels by 2051 in the
aggressive renewables scenario.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2011 2021 2031 2041 2051
Bill
ion
To
nn
es
REF
REN
Global Solar and Wind Installed
Capacities
Source: REN 21 Renewables 2015 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT
Leading Countries in RE
Source: REN 21 Renewables 2015 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT
Co-Benefits of Renewables
RE is important both in the context of energy
access and as a form of modern energy
Source: UNEP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable
Development and Poverty Eradication
• Objectives
• RE for Climate Change Mitigation
• Policies and Barriers
• RE Resource Potential
• Financing RE for Mitigation
• Case Studies
• Documents and Sources
Policies
Renewable Energy Promotion Policies
Ta
riff b
ase
d P
olic
y
Feed-in
tariff
Fixed, guaranteed, above-market price for electricity from
RE set by Govt. to make RE price-competitive. Can be
technology specific
Net
metering
Allows on-grid electricity consumers with captive RE power
to sell this to grid
Public
competitive
bidding
A well-defined public process of letting a RE development
contract that helps discourage political graft/corruption/fraud
because of the public nature of the process
Buy-backRate at which electricity produced above PPA commitment
will be purchased
Banking
Allows producer to generate and supply power to grid at
one location, and receive power for self use (e.g., factory) at
a different location on the grid at a different time without
paying wheeling charges
Policies
Renewable Energy Promotion Policies
Fin
ancia
l, Investm
ent &
Tax
ba
se
d P
olic
ies
Investment or
other tax credits
Allows partial or full deduction of RE investments
from tax obligations or income
Capital subsidies,
grants, or rebates
One time payment by government/utility to cover
portion of RE project set up cost
Sales tax, energy
tax, excise tax, or
VAT reduction
Easing or elimination of taxes on RE components
and related hardware
Energy production
payments or tax
credits
An annual tax credit based upon amount of
electricity generated
Public investment,
loans, or financingAssistance to RE developers from government
Policies
Renewable Energy Promotion Policies
Grid A
ccess Grid
interconnection
standard
A clear definition by regulatory agencies of how grid
interconnection will take place
WheelingAbility to transfer power from generator to customer
using T & D facilities
Targ
ets
& R
PS
National
renewable energy
target
A stated goal by a country that a certain portion of
all power generation will be through RE by a set
target date
Renewable
portfolio standard
(RPS)
Mandated RE quota or target that can exist at
national and state/provincial level
Tradable
renewable energy
certificates
Certificates of generation through RE that can be
sold and traded, creating an additional income
stream for RE developers
Barriers to RE
Barrier
CategoryBarrier Elements - Lack of
LEVEL I
grid-connected RE policy
attractive financial/fiscal incentives
accessibility to quality resource data or resource risk coverage
support to gain land access
support for grid/transmission access
LEVEL II
renewable energy mandates/Feed-in-tariff
access to capital
low capital costs for investors
stable financial health of power off-takers/buyers
experience of domestic financial institutions to finance RE projects
bankable guarantees on power purchase agreements
contractor licensing/certification
manufacturing capability, large system Integrator, engineering
contractors
grid interconnection standards
legal/regulatory framework for speedy dispute settlement
Barriers to RE
Barrier
CategoryBarrier Elements - Lack of
LEVEL III
• guidelines and/or administrative machinery for emissions
crediting
• renewable energy fund
• standardized power purchase/contractual documentation
• stability in government policies/priorities
• skilled personnel/training facilities
• operation & maintenance facilities
LEVEL IV
• private sector participation in RE projects
• support infrastructure or unfavourable regions for resource use
• professional training institutions
• risk assessment protocols for renewable energy technologies
Policies & Barriers
Barrier
Intensity
Barrier
CategoryBarrier Elimination Sequence
Very Low
Extremely
High
LEVEL I
Policy for grid connected RE use along with attractive
incentives. Effectiveness of harnessing the renewable
energy resource as well as access to land and grid.
LEVEL II
Availability of technical, financial and commercial
resources. Ability to mitigate investment risks.
Standardization of technology specific component
attributes. Easy exit option for investors.
LEVEL III
Ensure stability of RE policies along with enabling factors
such as availability of skilled manpower, emissions
crediting facility, renewable energy fund etc.
LEVEL IVMore visibility of RE policy and project successes and
ensure concept replicability in different regions.
High
Low
Take Away
• What category of consumer will benefit from a “banking”
based RE policy
• PTC (production tax credit) was responsible for rapid
growth of the wind industry in which country? – Norway,
UK, USA or China.
• Lack of support to gain land access is a low category
barrier – is this statement correct and why?
• Objectives
• RE for Climate Change Mitigation
• Policies and Barriers
• RE Resource Potential
• Financing RE for Mitigation
• Case Studies
• CTCN Assistance
• Documents and Sources
Solar Map of the World - GHI
• Steps for wind resource activities:
– Preliminary wind climatology Instruments: Anemometer (for wind speed) & wind vane (wind direction)
– Instruments at 30m/50m/80m height
– Data generally connected for 10/15 min interval
– Wind data collected for at least 1 year
• Annual Energy Production (AEP) assessment
– Simulation packages such as WAsP, Meteodyn, Wind Farmer etc.
– Output in the form of:
• Wind rose diagram
• Wind speed/frequency distribution
• Annual power generation
• Wind power plant financial assessment
Resource Potential - Wind
Wind Atlas
RE Resource Potential – Small Hydro
• Classification of Small Hydro is
not uniform worldwide
• The World estimated potential of
small hydro is of around 180,000
MW
• Types or Schemes of Small
Hydropower Systems water flow
in three Schemes
– Run-of -the- river schemes
– Canal fall based scheme
– Dam-toe based scheme
Country Capacity Limit for
Small Hydro Plant
USA ≤5 MW
UK ≤5 MW
Sweden ≤ 15 MW
Colombia ≤ 20 MW
Australia ≤ 20 MW
Canada ≤ 20 MW
India ≤ 25 MW
China ≤ 25 MW
Philippines ≤ 50 MW
New Zealand ≤ 50 MW
Ocean Energy - Wave Energy Potential
• World Energy Council 2001 Survey stated the "potential
exploitable wave energy" resources ~ 2 TW
Ocean Energy - OTEC Potential
Take Away
• TMY stands for?
• Three reasons why a wind farm developer
should conduct wind resource assessment prior
to installation of the wind farm.
• What should be the minimum temperature
difference between the ocean surface and at
1500 meter depth to justify an OTEC power
plant?
• Objectives
• RE for Climate Change Mitigation
• Policies and Barriers
• RE Resource Potential
• Financing RE for Mitigation
• Case Studies
• CTCN Assistance
• Documents and Sources
RE Cost, Financing and Business
Models
Renewable Energy: Further cost decline is
expected
RE Cost, Financing and Business Models
Financing Institutions
RE Technology
Maturity Stage
Types of Financial
Institutions
Role Examples
Laboratory R&D stage Public financed clean
energy funds
Grants, skills development,
RE infrastructure
development i.e. technology
parks
NYSEDA, NJ Clean
Energy Fund
Commercial R&D Engle Capital, Venture
Capital, Mezzanine funds
High risk – high return
Demonstration RE
Projects
Engle Capital, Venture
Capital, Mezzanine funds,
bilateral and multilateral
banks
High risk – high return;
Low interest debt;
Promote social benefits
GEF, World Bank,
ADB, DfID
Technology Transfer RE
projects
Exim banks Low interest debt County specific
Exim banks
Market Mature RE Commercial and
multilateral banks
Market interest debt for
commercial banks
Low interest debt for MBs to
promote social cause
Citi Bank, IDB
Business Models
Individual Owned RE System:
Gross Metered
Third Party Owned RE System:
Gross Metered
Business Models
Individual Owned RE System:
Net Metered
Third Party Owned RE System:
Net Metered
• Objectives
• RE for Climate Change Mitigation
• Policies and Barriers
• RE Resource Potential
• Financing RE for Mitigation
• Case Studies
• CTCN Assistance
• Documents and Sources
Case Study - Cool Village Project
• Cold storage installed at the farm
gate level in villages, unlike in
conventional supply chain
• Minimize waste due to handling and
transportation
• Biomass based system.
• Cold storage facility for storing
about 25 tones of fruits and
vegetables
• The system also provides 50 kW of
electrical power to a village.
• 20 technicians employed during
construction and 5 employees for
operation.
Working System of the Cold Storage
Case Study - Solar Multi Utility in Odisha
• Solar Multi Utility centers provided in
3 villages Baunsadiha, Laxmiposi
and Patapolasahi
• Laxmiposhi village - provided energy
to run sewing machines for sal leaf
stitching, to run tamarind processing
and mango pulp unit
• Problems identified and tackled
through Solar Multi Utility Centers:
– Livelihood insecurity and alternative
livelihood opportunities
– Dependence on NTFP (Non Timber
Forest Produce) as the major source
of Income Generation & selling of
Raw NTFP at lower Price and limited
market opportunities.
– Lack of Vocational Trainings
opportunities available to unemployed
youth and women
Schematic of the system configuration of village Laxmiposi
Solar Multi Utility Centers – Left Baunsadiha & Right Laxmiposi)
Lighting Billion Lives (LaBL)
• Over 1.3 Billion people in the world have no access to electricity
• Over 360 million people in India have no access to electricity
LaBL (Lighting Billion Lives) is unique global initiative by TERI based on
an entrepreneurial model of energy service delivery.
These enterprises are operated and managed by a local entrepreneur
trained, who rent the solar lamps for an affordable fee.
LaBL offers
• Energy access at the bottom of the pyramid
• Clean and safe lighting solution at affordable price
• Local and global environmental benefits
• Objectives
• RE for Climate Change Mitigation
• Policies and Barriers
• RE Resource Potential
• Financing RE for Mitigation
• Case Studies
• CTCN Assistance
• Documents and Sources
CTCN Technical Assistance
Provided: • To developing countries upon their request • Free of charge (value up to 250,000 USD)• State of the art and locally relevant expertise • To academic, public, NGO, or private entities• For a broad range of adaptation and
mitigation technologies
At all stages of the technology cycle: • From identification of needs;• policy assessments; • selection and piloting technology solutions; • to assistance that supports technology
customization and widespread deployment
Fast and short (3 pages) application process for countries
Iran: Photovoltaic Solar Cell Design & ManufacturingRequest: Guidance on the construction of a medium sized (1-5 MWp) solar
photovoltaic plant to serve as a pilot project for the country
Objective: To learn how to design, produce and quality control the production of
photovoltaic solar modules
Assistance:
• Inventory of needs and requirements for PV pilot line and gap analysis
• preliminary design based on gap analysis
• financial analysis for budgeting purposes
CTCN Technical Assistance - Examples
Uganda: Formulating Geothermal Energy Policy, Legal and
Regulatory FrameworkRequest: Developing Uganda’s policy, legal and regulatory framework for the
exploitation of geothermal energy
Objective: Technical assistance and expertise for formulating the country’s
geothermal energy policy, legal and regulatory frameworks.
Assistance:
• Geothermal energy policy formulation
• Drafting geothermal energy law
• Drafting of implementation plan and regulations (regulatory framework)
Indonesia: Development of Anaerobic Digester Technology for Palm Oil
EFB Waste
Request: The assistance in introduction of state-of-the-art Anaerobic Digester
Technology for EFB Waste in Indonesia to produce renewable energy and reduce the
green house gas emission
Objective: To learn how to independently design, produce and quality control the
production of photovoltaic solar modules
Assistance: • The identification of the best technology for EFB waste processing;
• Mapping out the existing anaerobic digester technologies for EFB waste treatment
national and internationally.
• Determine the best technology for EFB waste treatment in Indonesia.
• The technology transfer for the best anaerobic digester technology for EFB waste
treatment;
• Knowledge exchange through capacity building and expert collaborations.
• International collaboration research and development for EFB waste treatment in
Indonesia.
• Developing a demo plant of EFB anaerobic digester including design for the best
anaerobic digester for EFB waste treatment in Indonesia.
CTCN Technical Assistance - Examples
Learn More - Documents and Sources
Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis series Volume I, Issue 1,2,3,4,5, IRENA working
papers, 2012
https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-
HYDROPOWER.pdf
https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-
WIND_POWER.pdf
http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-
SOLAR_PV.pdf
http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-
BIOMASS.pdf
https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-CSP.pdf
Review and comparison of different solar energy technologies, Global Energy Network Institute,
2011
http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/review-and-comparison-of-solar-technologies/Review-
and-Comparison-of-Different-Solar-Technologies.pdf
Global Status Report on Renewable Energy, REN21, 2013
http://www.ren21.net/portals/0/documents/resources/gsr/2013/gsr2013_lowres.pdf
Learn More - Documents and Sources
Renewable power Generation Costs in 2012: An overview, IRENA report, 2012
http://costing.irena.org/media/2769/Overview_Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-
2012.pdf
LCOE: Renewable Energy technologies, Study by Fraunhofer ISE, 2013
http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/publications/veroeffentlichungen-pdf-dateien-en/studien-
und-konzeptpapiere/study-levelized-cost-of-electricity-renewable-energies.pdf
Renewable Energy Special Report, Summary for policymakers, IPCC, 2011
http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_SPM.pdf
THANK YOU
For more information contact:
Shirish Garud and Ujjwal Bhattacharjee
Email: Ujjwal. [email protected]