INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY.
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Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY.
BBA/ Nidhi Garg 1
PSYCHOLOGY
The science of behaviour and cognitive processes.
Definition : Psychology is “the science of human and animal behaviour; it includes the application of this science to human problems.
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ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Predict what will happenSystematically observe eventsDo events support predictions
René Descartes(1596-1650)
Philosophy asks questions about the mind: Does perception accurately reflect reality? How is sensation turned into perception?
Problem - No “scientific” wayof studying problems
Physiology asks similar questions about the mind
SCIENTIFICMETHOD
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Psychology Is Born
Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920)
First Experimental Psych Lab (1879)Focuses on the scientific study of the mind.
WW insists that Psych methods be as rigorousas the methods of chemistry & physics.
Wundt’s students start labsacross USA (1880-1900)
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Psychology (pre-1920)Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Physiologist & Perceptual PsychologistFounder of Psychology as a Science
Experiments
Edward Titchner (1867-1927)Student of Wundt
Formed Y at CornellIntrospection
William James (1842-1910)Philosopher & Psychologist
Formed Y at Harvard
PsychologyUnderstanding
Mental Processes
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Structuralism vs Functionalism
William James(1842-1910)
Analyze consciousness into basic elements
and study how they are relatedIntrospection - self-
observationof one’s own conscious
experiencesInvestigate the function, or
purposeof consciousness rather than its
structureLeaned toward applied work
(natural surroundings)
Structuralism
Functionalism
Wilhelm Wundt
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BehaviorismScientific Psychology should focus on
observable behavior.
John Watson(1878-1958)
Ivan Pavlov
Psych the Science of Behavior
StimulusResponse
Psychology
Mental Processes cannotbe studied directly
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Psychology (1920s-1960s)
John B. Watson (1878-1958)Behavior without Reference to Thought
The RAT & S-R Psychology
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)Behaviorism with a Twist
The PIDGEON & The Skinner Box
PsychologyScience of Observable
BehaviorBehaviorism
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KEY PERSPECTIVESBehavioural : overt behaviourCognitive : cognitive processes
i.e. memory, thought, reasoning & others
Biological : biological processes underlie behaviour
Evolutionary : evolved psychological mechanism
Developmental : changes in behaviour over life span
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Contd….Psychodynamic : unconscious
and internal processesSocial and cultural : social and
cultural factors
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Psychology and DiversityDiversity-“ Difference in the
behavior or characteristics of individuals from different cultures or ethnic group.”
Multicultural Perspective: in psychology an approach that pays careful attention to the effects of ethnic and cultural forces on behavior.
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Examples Russia more then 16000 women are
murdered by their spouse each year which is endorsed by some cultural values (Horne 1999) “Beat the wife for better cabbage soup”
Japan , cultural values view violence as appropriate form of discipline and punishment
So nature and cause of domestic violence must include careful attention of cultural factors.
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Evolutionary psychologyA branch of psychology suggesting that
as a result of evolution, human being possess many evolved psychological mechanisms that help (or once helped) us to deal with important problems relating to survival.
Evolution-Charles Darwin –3 basic components
VariationInheritance selection
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Variation – organisms vary in many ways
Inheritance- some of these variations are heritable
This is the crucial outcome of evolution
Selection- Variations that are adaptive become increasingly common in the population
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THANK YOU