the person that deals with the structure, historical development, and relationships of a language or languages.

an introduction to the basic concepts and methods used in historical linguistic research to observe the characteristics of the Indo-European language family

 is the study of language in written historical sources

 the study of literary texts and written records

 is derived from the Greek

 φιλολογία (philologia from the terms φίλος (philos), meaning "love, affection, loved, beloved, dear, friend" and

 λόγος (logos), meaning "word, articulation, reason", describing a love of learning

 Germanic philology is the philological study of the Germanic languages particularly from a comparative or historical perspective.

The beginnings of research into the Germanic languages began in the 16th century, with the discovery of literary texts in the earlier phases of the languages.

the 16th century, e.g. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (Olaus Magnus, 1555)

In 1603Melchior Goldfast made the first edition of Middle High German poetry,

publication increased during the 17th century with Latin translations of the notably Peder Resen's Edda Islandorum of 1665

a serious academic discipline in the early 19th century, pioneered particularly in Germany by such linguists as Jakob Grimm.

19th century scholars include Henry Sweet and Matthias Lexer

These languages include the following groups: Latin, and the Romanic languages, Latin, and the Romanic languages, Celtic, Celtic, Germanic, Germanic, Baltic, Baltic, Slavic, Slavic, Greek, Greek, Albanian, Albanian, Armenien Armenien Indo-Iranian Indo-Iranian

Comparative branch of philology studies the relationship between languages. Similarities between Sanskrit and European languages were first noted in the early 16th century

Textual or Critical Editions

This branch of research arose among Ancient scholars in the 4th century BC Greek-speaking world

includes the study of texts and their history. It includes elements of textual criticism, trying to reconstruct an author's original text based on variant copies of manuscripts.

cognitive philology studies written and oral texts, considering them as results of human mental processes.

textual science with the results of experimental research of both psychology

  decipherment  Beginning with the famous decipherment and translation of the Rosetta Stone by Jean-François Champollion in 1822

Stone of granadiorite stele

Egypt1799 Pierre

Bouchard

J-F. Champallion hieroglyphs