Introduction to OSCOLA referencing 2016
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Introduction to OSCOLA referencingJackie Hanes, Learning & Teaching Services Librarian
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Intended learning outcomes
• Find the OSCOLA referencing guides;
• Understand a footnote referencing style;
• Reference primary and secondary legal sources:– Books, journal articles and webpages– UK legislation and case law– For both footnotes and bibliography
• Reference pages numbers for direct quotations
• Use short forms and ibids for subsequent citations
• Create a bibliography and table of authorities
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OSCOLA
Oxford UniversityStandard for theCitation OfLegalAuthorities
https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola
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Golden rules of OSCOLA
•OSCOLA does not purport to be comprehensive, but gives rules and examples for the main UK legal primary sources, and for many types of secondary sources;
•When citing materials not mentioned in OSCOLA, use the general principles … as a guide, and try to maintain consistency.
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Footnote referencing style
•References are indicated by a superscript number (1, 2, 3) within the text, normally at the end of the sentence.1
•The references are given in a corresponding footnote at the bottom (foot) of the page.2
1. Superscript numbers are smaller and set above the normal text.
2. Compare to endnotes: references given at the end of a document.
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How to insert footnotes in Word
• Insert superscript numbers (1, 2, 3) into your text– Word > References tab > Insert Footnote.
•Add your reference to the footnote.
•Close your footnote with a full stop.
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Quotations
•Short quotations (up to three lines of text), should be incorporated into the text, within 'single quotation marks‘;
•Longer quotations (over three lines of text), should be presented in an indented paragraph, without quotation marks.
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Page numbers
•Page or paragraph numbers should be included at the end of the footnote, for both direct (quotations) or indirect (paraphrasing) quotations;
•Page numbers should not be included in the table of authorities or bibliography.
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Order of author’s name
Footnote•Firstname | Surname
– Richard Pears
Bibliography•Surname | Initials
– Pears R
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More than one author
Up to 3 authors•Cite all authors
– Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3
More than 3 authors•First author and others
– Author 1 and others
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Books
Author, | Title of the Book | (Edition, | Publisher | Year)
Footnote:• Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013).
Footnote with page number:• Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013) 25.
Bibliography:• Webley L, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013)
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Book chapters
Author, | ‘Title of Chapter’ | in | Editor (ed), | Title of the Book | (Edition, | Publisher | Year)
Footnote:• Philip Handler, ‘Legal History’ in Dawn Watkins and
Mandy Burton (eds), Research Methods in Law (Routledge 2013).
Bibliography:• Handler P, ‘Legal History’ in Dawn Watkins and Mandy
Burton (eds), Research Methods in Law (Routledge 2013)
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eBooks
• If the ebook provides the same page numbers as in the printed publication, cite the ebook as if it was the printed book;
• If the ebook has no page numbers, follow the normal book (or edited book) citation form, including the ebook type/edition before the publisher:
Example• Author, | Title of the Book | (Edition | eBook edn |
Publisher | Year);
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Journal articles
Author, | ‘Title of Article’ | [(Year)] | Volume | Abbreviation | First Page
Footnote:• Graham Virgo, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal
Information’ (2011) 11 LIM 221.
Bibliography:• Virgo G, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal
Information’ (2011) 11 LIM 221
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Abbreviations
•Where possible abbreviate the journal title;
•Find abbreviations with The Cardiff Index:– http://www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk/
•Do not use punctuation in abbreviation;
• If no abbreviation, then use the full journal title.
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Websites
Author, | ‘Title of Webpage’ | (Title of Website, | Date) | < URL > | accessed Date
Footnote:
• Liz Fisher, ‘Gov.UK?’ (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 9 May 2013) < http://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2013/05/09/liz-fisher-gov-uk/ > accessed 1 May 2015.
Bibliography:
• Fisher L, ‘Gov.UK?’ (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 9 May 2013) < http://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2013/05/09/liz-fisher-gov-uk/ > accessed 1 May 2015
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Secondary referencing
• Citing a book or article that you have read about, but not read the original work;
• Best academic practice is to obtain the original material and cite it directly, otherwise:
• Secondary reference | (as cited in | primary reference)– Bernard Hibbitts, ‘The Technology of Law’ (2010) 102 Law
Libr J 101 (as cited in Graham Virgo, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal Information’ (2011) 11 LIM 221, 225)
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UK Cases
•Cases after 2001– Neutral citation, Report citation
•Cases before 2001– Report citation (Court)
•Cases before 1865– Nominate report citation, English Report citation
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Case citations
Neutral Citations• [Year]•Court•Number
Law Report Citations• [(Year)]•Volume• Law Report•First Page
Guide to neutral citations
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Abbreviations
•Courts and law reports should be abbreviated;
•Find abbreviations with The Cardiff Index:– http://www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk/
•Do not use punctuation in abbreviation.
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Citation of legal authorities
ICLR
• The Law Reports• Appeal Cases, Chancery, Family,
Queens Bench
WLR • Weekly Law Reports
All ER • All England Law Reports
Law Reports • Other law reports
• Transcript of judgments
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Cases after 2001 (neutral citation)
• Case Name | Neutral Citation, | Report Citation– Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208
• Case Name | Neutral Citation, | Report Citation, | Page– Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208,
210-12
• Case Name | Neutral Citation, | Report Citation, | [Para]– Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208 [8]
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Cases before 2001
• Case Name | Report Citation (Court)– Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks & Spencer Plc
[2001] Ch 257 (CA)
• Case Name | Report Citation (Court), | Page– Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks & Spencer Plc
[2001] Ch 257 (CA), 260
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Common court abbreviations
House of Lords HLCourt of Appeal CA
High Court (Queen’s Bench) QBHigh Court (King’s Bench) KB
High Court (Chancery) ChHigh Court (Family) F
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Cases before 1865
• Case Name | Nominate Report, | English Report– Cumberland v Copeland (1862) 1 Hurl & C 194, 158 ER
856
• Case Name | Nominate Report, | English Report, | Page– Cumberland v Copeland (1862) 1 Hurl & C 194, 158 ER
856, 858
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Note on footnotes
• If the full case name (e.g. Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth)1 is given in the text of the essay, then the footnote need only include the citation: 1. [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208
•Remember to include the full reference in the Table of Authorities at the end of your work.
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UK Statutes (Acts)
•Short Title | Year– Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
•Short Title | Year, | Section– Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s 163
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UK Statutory Instruments (SIs)
•Title | Year, | SI | Year/Number– Copyright and Rights in Performances (Research,
Education, Libraries and Archives) Regulations 2014, SI 2014/1372
•Title | Year, | SI | Year/Number, | Section– Copyright and Rights in Performances (Research,
Education, Libraries and Archives) Regulations 2014, SI 2014/1372, reg 3
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Common legislation abbreviations
Section/s s/ssSubsection/s sub-s/sub-ss
Part/s pt/ptsSchedule/s sch/schs
Regulation/s reg/regsRule/s r/rr
Article/s art/arts
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Note on footnotes
• If the full details of the legislation (Title | Year | Section) are provided in the body of your essay; you do not need to repeat the reference in your footnotes;
•Remember to include the full reference in the Table of Authorities at the end of your work.
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Subsequent citations
•Always reference material in full in the first citation;
•Subsequent citations can be shortened, and cross-referenced to the first (full) footnote;
•Commonly known as short forms and ibids.
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Example of short forms and ibid
1. Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite Them Right: the Essential Referencing Guide (9th edn, Palgrave Macmillan 2013).
2. Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013).
3. ibid 25.
4. Pears and Shields (n 1) 98.
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Short forms (secondary sources)
For books and articles, shorten to the author’s surname, and a cross-reference (n #) to the full footnote:
First citation• 1 Emily Finch and Stefan Fafinski, Legal Skills (4th edn,
OUP 2013).
Short form• Finch and Fafinski (n 1).
Short form with page number• Finch and Fafinski (n 1) 123.
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Short forms (case law)
For case law, shorten to the first party name, and cross-reference (n #) to the full footnote:
First citation• 2 Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208.
Short form• Lucasfilm (n 2).
Short form with page number• Lucasfilm (n 2) 210-12.
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Short forms (legislation)
For legislation, give a short form or abbreviation of the legislation in brackets at the end of the full footnote:
First citation• 3 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988).
Short form• CDPA 1988.
Short form with section• CDPA 1998, s 163.
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ibid
• An abbreviation for ibidem, meaning ‘in the same place’;
• Repeat citation in immediately preceding footnote.
First citation
• 4 Emily Finch and Stefan Fafinski, Legal Skills (4th edn, OUP 2013).
Short form
• 5 ibid.
Short form with page number
• 5 ibid 123.
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Bibliography
Tables of Authorities•Cases•Statutes•Statutory Instruments
Bibliography•Books•Official publications•Book chapters• Journal articles•Other print sources• Internet sources
All sources arranged alphabetically
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Speed referencing exercise
• You have 90 seconds to reference the item before you;
• Write your answer on the worksheet provided;
• After 90 seconds another item will display on screen;
• There are 6 items to be referenced in total;
• Answers will be provided at the end of the exercise.
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Questions and contacts
• Jackie Hanes•Subject Librarian• [email protected]• 0116 252 2055•Book a Librarian