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INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS By, DEEPAK D.R 1ST YEAR P.G DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPAEDICS

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INTRODUCTION TO ORTHODONTICS

INTRODUCTION

The heritages of the past are the seeds that bring forth the harvest of the future

Not to know what has been transacted in former times is to continue always as a child. If no use is made of the labors of the past ages, the world must remain in the infancy of knowledge.- Cicero, the great Roman

EVOLUTION OF THE FIRST DENTAL SPECIALTY ORTHODONTICS

Orthodontics includes the study of growth and development of the jaws and face particularly , and the body generally , as influencing the position of the teeth ;the study of action and reaction of internal and external influences on the development , and the prevention and correction of arrested and perverted development

DEFINITION

Jacksons Triad

BRANCHES OF ORTHODONTICSPREVENTIVE ORTHODONTICS

INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS

CORRECTIVE ORTHODONTICS

SURGICAL ORTHODONTICS

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HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS

EARLY HISTORY

Even ancient people wanted straight teeth!

According to the AAO (American Association of Orthodontists), archaeologists have discovered mummified ancients with crude metal bands wrapped around individual teeth. To close gaps, it has been surmised that catgut did the work now done by today's orthodontic wire!

While Greece was in its Golden Age, the Etruscans (the precursors of the Romans) were burying their dead with appliances that were used to maintain space and prevent collapse of the dentition during life.

Then in a Roman tomb in Egypt, a researcher found a number of teeth bound with a gold wire -- the first documented ligature wire!

The Greek physician Hippocrates (460 to 377 BC)

Pioneer in medical science

Corpus Hippocraticum

Among those individuals with long-shaped heads, some have thick necks, strong parts & bones. Others have strongly arched palates, their teeth are irregularly arrayed, crowding one another & they are bothered by headaches & otorrhea (Epidemics, chapter: de carnibus.)

ARISTOTLE (384 TO 322 BC)

First comparative dental anatomist

De Partibus Animalium (On the Parts of Animals), he compared the various dentitions of the known species of animals

AULIUS CORNELIUS CELSUS (25 BC TO AD 50)

Prominent Roman medical authorArtzney Buchlein When in a child a permanent tooth appears before the fall of the milk tooth, it is necessary to dissect the gum all around the latter and extract it. The other tooth must then be pushed with the finger, day by day; until it reaches its proper position.

GALEN (AD 130 TO 200)

Described dental anatomy and embryology by specifically identifying the origin, growth, and development of the teeth and enumerating the functions of each

Believed the teeth to be true bones

14-17 CENTURY

LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452 TO1519)

Painted a smile on the lips of Mona Lisa

First to recognize tooth form and realize that each tooth was related to another tooth and to the opposing jaw those teeth that are the farthest away from the line of the temporomandibular articulation are at a mechanical disadvantage as compared with those that are nearer.

ANDREAS VESALIUS (1514 TO 1564)

Belgian physician and anatomist

Proved Galen wrong in many areas of anatomic knowledge

On the Fubric of the Human Body Described the minute anatomy of the teeth, particularly the dental follicle and subsequent pattern of tooth eruption

AMBROSE PAR (1517 TO 1590)

French surgeon

Works on dentofacial deformities, especially to the cleft palate

First surgeon to devise an obturator for treatment

18 CENTURYPIERRE FAUCHARD

Father of Modern Dentistry

Results of his labors are reflected in the publication of his two-volume book entitled Le Chirurgien Dentiste, ou Traite Des Dents (The Surgeon Dentist, A Treatise on the Teeth) completed in 1723 and published in 1728

FAUCHARDS EXPANSION ARCH

Precursor of the modern appliance expansion arch 1946 that an English-language edition was printed. With reference to orthodontics, as early as 1723, he developed what is probably the first orthodontic appliance Bandlette

JOHN HUNTER (1728 TO 1793)

Great teacher of anatomy, is numbered as one of the foremost surgeons of his day Detailed study of mouth & jaws of cadavers

1771 - The Natural History of the Human Teeth: Explaining Their Structure, Use, Formation, Growth and Diseases

Demonstrated the growth, development, and articulation of the maxilla and mandible with the attached musculature and outlined the internal structure of the teeth

JOHN GREENWOOD (1760 TO 1819)

Skills were first learned from his father, who was an instrument maker

Advocate of the care of children's teeth

NORMAN WILLIAMS KINGSLEY (1829-1913)

Orthodontias greatest genius E.H. Angle.

Born on 2nd Oct 1829.

Joined Dr. A.W. Kingsley, Pennsylvania. 1852 first office in Oswego, New York.

1859 made his first obturator.

Treatise on Oral Deformities as a Branch of Mechanical Surgery. systematically described orthodontics

Introduced headgear to apply extraoral force & provide occipital anchorage Pioneer in the treatment of cleft palate

CHAPIN A. HARRIS (1806 TO 1860)

Published the first modern classic book on dentistry, The Dental Art, in 1840

Gives much attention to various orthodontic treatment procedures

Use gold caps on molars to open the bite and knobs soldered to a band for tooth rotations

1841, William Lintott introduced the use of screws. They were described in On the Teeth, in the chapter entitled Irregularities of the Teeth

1841, Frenchman J. M. A. strange introduced modification of screw, called the crib

Schange Frenchman in 1841 invented the adjustable clamp band with introduction of a lingual screw

Tucker -1846Described the use of rubber elastics though no importance given until Case & Baker used it to provide intermaxillary force & intermaxillary anchorage in 1893

JOHN NUTTING FARRARReferred to as the Father of American Orthodontics.

Began the era of biologic tooth movement.

Published Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Correction, Vol. 1 in 1888 and Vol. 2 in 1889

Laid the foundation for scientific orthodontics.

First (1850) to use occipital anchorage to retract anterior teeth

Recommended bodily movement of teeth (1888).

Emerson C. Angell (1823 to 1903) Probably the first person to advocate the opening of the median suture to provide space in the maxillary arch

Henry A. Baker

Remembered because in 1893 he introduced the so-called Baker anchorage, or the use of intermaxillary elastics with rubber bands

ANGLES ERAEdward H. Angle

1887 Introduced the Angle SystemAppointed to chair of orthodontia in dental department of University of MinnesotaOhio Journal of Dental Science

1888 Lecture to Iowa State Dental Society demonstrated expansion arch & its auxiliaries

1894 Professor of Orthodontia at Marian Sims College, receiving MD degree the following year

1899

Angle developed classification of malocclusion based on this principle Dental Cosmos 1900 Angle had commenced informal instructions in orthodontia in his office

In May 1900 at a banquet in Dr. Angles office, the students & teachers decided that the time was ripe for an Orthodontic Society

Thus was born The American Society of Orthodontists. On June 11, 1901, 10 charter members elected Angle as president.

1907 Moved his school to New York

1908 Moved his school to New London Decided to give up practice of orthodontia & devote himself to study, teaching & development of better appliances

1916 Made Pasadena, California their permanent home to avoid the hardships of Eastern winter

1922 Graduates of Pasadena, St. Louis & New London formed the Edward H. Angle Society 1928Angle attended the last society meeting on Junein New London 1930.Nov 17The society ceased to exist after his passing away

1930 Society reorganized & restarted from former members. At this meeting The Angle Orthodontist was born. Mrs. Angle Editor-in-chief.

Dr. Anna Hopkins

Mother Angle

Cecil Steiner said She was a suitable counterfoil for Edward H. & also she was the power behind the throne

Angle believe that every person has the potential for an ideal relationship of all 32 natural teeth.

Angles classification has 4 classes

1926 - edgewise bracket1915- ribbon arch bracket1912 - pin and tube appliance1907 - E arch appliance

INSTRUMENTATION OF ANGLE

1880 First real appliance The Jack & Traction Screw With Pushing Action.

Combination of adjustable clamp band of Schange & regulating screw of Dwinelle

ANGLES E ARC 1907

Expansion arch that used a labial wire supported by clamp bands on the molar teeth which ligated to the other teeth

PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE 1912

It Moves the teeth bodily and a Bone growing appliance which is Capable of great precision in tooth movement.

Incredible degree of craftsmanship.

Lacks mesiodistal control

RIBBON ARCH 1915

First bracket.

Vertically positioned rectangular slot with ribbon arch of 10 x 20 gold wire.

Good spring qualities.

Allowed versatile movements

Unable to achieve mesiodistal tipping movements.

Not possible to provide stabilization or anchorage of posterior teeth.

Did not allow to torque roots to a new position.

ANGLES 447 EDGEWISE BRACKET -1927

Latest and the best.

Rectangular wire of 0.022 x 0.028 inch inserted in a horizontal slot.

Excellent control of crown & root position in all three planes of space

Dr. Calvin Case-(1847-1923)

Born on April 24 ,1847 in Michigan.

Military service in the civil war.

1871-Graduated from Ohio college of dental surgery

Dr.Clavin Case was a contemporary of Angle. Case was a pioneer in orthodontic mechanotherapy. First to stress on root movement (1892). Use rubber elastics in treatment (1892) Use small gauge, light, resilient wires for tooth alignment (1919). Pioneered the use of retainers to stabilize orthodontic results

Albert H. Ketcham (1870-1935)

Worked in the American Society of Orthodontics and served as its President in 1929. In recognition of his services to orthodontics and in his honor the ABO established what is now considered as the specialtys most coveted prize the Albert H. Ketcham Memorial.

Martin Dewey (1881-1933)

Published his textbook on orthodontic philosophy and mechanical procedures in 1914 Practical orthodontics

In 1915 with the help of Dr. C. V. Mosby, Dewey founded and became editor of the International Journal of Orthodontia (now AJO-DO). He was the editor for 17 years and also the President of ADA

Hugo Jackson (1850-1929)

Chief proponent and pioneer of removable appliances in US.

Devised a specially designed appliance known as the Jackson's crib.

Milo Hellman (1873-1947)

Angles student.

Research in Anthropology & its relation to the growth & development of human dentofacial complex

19 CENTURYThe first decade of 21st century was an era of manufacture of standardized appliances

Charles HawleyHawleys retainer appliance (1908).

1911 - Albin Oppenheim Serious study of tissue changes during orthodontic tooth movement.

John. V. Mershon (1867-1953)

Introduced removable lingual arch based on the principle that teeth must be free & unrestricted for adaptation to normal growth.

Bernhard W. Weinbergerorthodontias historian

Wrote 36 articles from 1915 to 1922 under the title Orthodontics: a historical review of its origin and evolution.

1922 - James. D. Mc Coy Open tube appliance

1928 - George CrozatDeveloped the Crozat appliance

Spencer AtkinsonIntroduced Universal appliance a combination of ribbon arch appliance & edgewise appliance using a flat wire & round wire in combination

1929 American board of Orthodontics was created, incorporated in the state of Illinois in 1930.

1931Holly Broadbent published in the first issue of Angle Orthodontist A New X-ray Technique & Its Application to Orthodontia.

1938

Joseph Johnson Twin arch appliance

1940Oren A. Oliver labiolingual appliance

Charles Tweed (1895-1970)

1941 introduced edgewise appliance based on basal bone concept.Graduated from improvised Angle course by George Hahn in 1928.

Worked with Angle for 7 weeks to write an article in Dental Cosmos.Returned to Arizona First pure edgewise specialty practice in U.S. + Non-extraction.

1945 H.D. Kesling, used a rubber tooth positioning device. 1947 Danish orthodontist, Arne Bjork published The Face in Profile anthropologic & radiographic study of effects of variations in jaw growth using facial diagnosis.

J.A. Salzmann

Classification of malocclusion

A.M. Schwarz

Published a textbook entirely devoted to treatment with plates, where designs of different split plates with various screws were shown. It was Lehrgang der Gebissregulung which became the Orthodontic bible in Europe.

PHILIP.C.ADAMS In Belfast modified the arrowhead clasp favoured by Schwarz into Adams crib, which became the basis for English removable appliances

1977 Clarks Twin Block.

P. R. BEGG

Born on October 13th, 1898 in Coolgardie, Western Australia.

1923 B.D.S. from Melbourne University

1924 Angle School of Orthodontia, Pasadena

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Begg & Fred Ishii first to treat patients with Angles new appliance.

Nov. 1925 Returned to Adelaide. Edgewise mechanism + non- extraction.Serious relapses & poor post-treatment profiles.

Feb. 1928 Began extraction.

1956 Differential force concept.

1957 H.D. Kesling visited Begg. Return to U.S. Begg Technique practice with Dr. Robert A. Rocke.

At this point in time the world received another landmark contribution in the field of fixedappliance. It was the introduction of multiple-loop, light force wire appliance by P. R. Begg of Australia.

T.M. Graber : (1917-2007)

Born in St.Louis on May 17th 1917.

Graduation Washington University, St.Louis.

1964- Founded the Kenilworth Dental Research Foundation Orthodontics Northwestern University.

1950 First PhD to Dentist by Northwestern University Medical School

20 textbooks, 22 chapters in other textbooks, 180 publications in journals & 930 book & journal abstract reviews. Editor-in-chief of AJO for 15 years and was responsible for changing its name to AJO-DO in 1985

LAWRENCE F. ANDREWS

Father of pre-adjusted bracket system

6 keys of occlusion 1972.

DR. ROBERT MURRAY RICKETTS

Developed the bioprogressive therapy from a background of edgewise and Begg technique. Introduced utility arch.

Use of preformed bands.

Ricketts Quad Helix 0.40 blue elgiloy wire.

Charles Burstone

Notable authority on Biomechanics.

Introduced TMA, Chinese NiTi, Fibre reinforced composite.

Holography & Occlusograms.

Surgical planning analysis COGS.

Segmented arch technique

Ronald Roth

1976 Ronald Roth published a report entitled Five year clinical evaluation of the Andrews Straight Wire Appliance.

Recommended the 2nd generation of preadjusted brackets (roth prescription)

THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF ORTHODONTICSIN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY Sir James Murray (English, 1909),realized that the suffix ia properly referred to amedical condition (eg, amnesia) and suggested the term orthodontics. But it was not until the 1930s that orthodontics started to be used by the profession. Dentofacial orthopedics, suggested in 1976 by B. F.Dewel

BRITISH ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY

Disunity among British organizations

British Society for Study of Orthodontics (1907).

Consultant Orthodontists Group (1964).

British Association of Orthodontists (1965).

Community Orthodontists Section (1978)

July 1st 1994 British Orthodontic Society.

EUROPEAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY

Founded on 16th May 1907 by 10 charter members.

First meeting 27th Sept. 1907.

President Dr. W.G. Laws.

Dr. E.H. Angle elected honorary member.

EARLIEST ORTHODONTIC MATERIALS DOCUMENTED

Fauchard Silk thread. Delabarre (1819) Wire crib

Schange Gold wire crib.

Kingsley Elastic straps, swaged silver.

Angle era Gold, platinum, silver, steel,ivory, zinc, copper, brass.

Stainless quality first reported by Monnartz in Germany, 1900-1910.

Dumas, Guillet & Portevin developed stainless steel in France.

I World WarGermans - Austenitic British - MartensiticAmericans Ferritic

1930s Gold & Stainless steel conflicts.

1940s Begg & Wilcox Australian Stainless Steel.

1960s Gold abandoned, steel adopted.1960s Cobalt-chromium.1962 NITINOL.1977 Titanium-Molybdnum Alloy (-III).

1986 Japanese NiTi- Fujio Miura.

Plastic brackets Aromatic polymer /polycarbonate, single-crystal sapphire, polycrystalline alumina / zirconia.

RECENT ADVANCES IN MATERIALS

Self ligating brackets.

Composite ceramic+polymer advantages.

Bonding adhesive pre-coated brackets.

Curing Light emitting diodes, Plasma arc lights (Xenon), Laser lights (Argon laser).

EVOLUTION AT A GLANCEPierre Fauchard

1728

Bandlette

Etienne Bourdet

1722-1789

Ivory splint

Catalan

--

Inclined plane

Charles Goodyear

1839

Vulcanite

Schange

1841

Adjustable clamp band

Tucker

1846

Rubber elastics

Dwinelle

1849

Jacks screw

Emerson Angell

1860

Expansion of palate

Coffin

1860

Flexible piano wire

Kingsley

1861

Headgear

Magill

1870

Dental cement

E.H. Angle

1880

Jack & traction screw

E.H. Angle

1887

Angle system

E.H. Angle

1889

Classification of malocclusion

Pierre Robin

1902

Monobloc

E.H. Angle

1907

E-Arch

Charles Hawley

1908

Retainer

Andresen

1908

Activator

Balter

--

Bionator

H.P. Bimler

--

Myodynamic appliance

John Mershon

--

Removable lingual arch

E.H. Angle

1912

Pin & tube appliance

Newell

1912

Vestibular screen

E.H. Angle

1915

Ribbon arch appliance

James McCoy

1922

Open tube appliance

Paul Simon

1924

Gnathostatics

E.H. Angle

1928

Edgewise appliance

Spencer Atkinson

--

Universal appliance

George Crozat

1928

Crozat appliance

Broadbent

1930

Cephalometrics

Herbst

1934

Herbst appliance

Joseph Johnson

1938

Twin-arch appliance

Oren A. Oliver

1940

Labio-lingual appliance

Tweed

1941

Edgewise-Tweed philosophy

H.D.Kesling

1945

Positioner

C.P. Adams

1948

Adams crib

Martin Schwarz

--

Schwarz double plate

Hotz

--

Guide plane plate

William Downs

1948

Downs analysis

Kraus

--

Double oral screen

Hotz

--

Propulsor

P.R. Begg

1956

Begg technique

Jarabak

--

Light-wire technique

Rolf Frankel

1967

Frankel appliance

Andrews

1972

Straight wire appliance

Ricketts

--

Bioprogressive therapy

T.L. Root

--

Level anchorage system

Pancherz

1977

Herbst appliance

Clark

1977

Twin block

Alexander

1978

Vari-Simplex Discipline

Ever since Eve flashed Adam her first grin, wehave been concerned about our smiles.Smile wasthe first goal for early regulators, it was occlusionthat gave orthodontics its scientific foundation.. Now it appears that facial esthetics is again in the forefront

1935Beginning of Orthodontics as a Speciality in India

INDIAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY OCT.15TH 1965

THE INDIAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETYStarted as a Study Group in Bombay in 1961

Formally established as the Indian Orthodontic Society on 15th October 1965

1st conference 3rd January 1967 at New Delhi

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society conceptualised in the year 1968

P.G. convention every year since 1996.

Indian Board of Orthodontists 1998.

Member of World Federation of Orthodontics (San Francisco, U.S.A. 1995).

IOS office was inaugurated at Vellore on 12/4/1998 by Dr BP Rajan under the president ship of Dr Asha Verma.

At its headquarters in Vellore, the IOS established a library and the first dental museum in India in 1998.

1st museum on Dentistry to be established in India

Dr HariKrishan D Merchant, Father of Indian Orthodontics

He received his degree in dentistry from Germany

He returned to India and gave the first series of lectures in Orthodontics in 1935 at Nair Dental College

Founder, Professor and Head of Orthodontics Department at Nair Hospital Dental College from 1937 to 1963

Founder Member and first President of the Indian Orthodontic Society (1965-1968)

The first editor of JIOS from 1968 to 1974

Main area of expertize was removable mechanotherapy.

Honoured by Pierre Fauchard Academy as Dentist of the year 1976 for outstanding contribution to dental education in India

Dr Prem Prakash, IOS President (1967 to 1969)

Dr Prem Prakash received his BDS degree from De Montmorency Dental College, Lahore, Punjab University in 1947

He attained his MS in Orthodontics from Tufts University, USA, in 1950

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He was the first orthodontist to start exclusive orthodontic practice in India

Dr Prem Prakash attended the first course of Begg Technique given by Dr Begg in 1953.

In 1954, he joined the CEM Dental College as a staff member. He ushered in Beggs Era in India in the 1960s.

Dr Ashok Balwant Rai Modi,IOS President (1969 to 1971)

Dr AB Modi did his BDS in 1955 from Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, and DMD in Orthodontics in Bonn University, Germany in 1959

Founder member and the third President of IOS

Dr HS Shaikh, IOS President(1971 to 1973)

Dr HS Shaikh did his BDS from CEM Dental College in 1954 and MDS in Orthodontics in 1961 from GDC Bombay

He was an eminent teacher and one of the founders of IOS. He popularized Begg technique in India

Dr Naishad Parikh, IOS President(1973 to 1975)

Received his BDS degree from Nair Dental College 1955

He was chosen as the first student to do his internship at Boston University US by the Indian Dental Association in 1957

In 1962, an honorary post was created for Dr Parikh at Nair Dental College. He was one of the founder secretary and treasurer of IOS.

Dr Keki Mistry, IOS President(1975 to 1978)

Dr Keki Mistry, one of the first dental specialists who introduced orthodontics and specialty dentistry to India

Oral Health Day, celebrated by WHO on April 7 every year, was conceptualized by him

Dr Mohandas Bhat

Received his dental degree from GDC Bangalore in 1960

One of the founding members of IOS

He was also honoured by Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry for introducing the discipline of dental public health in India, by starting the first ever Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry at the Government Dental College, Bangalore, in 1968

CONCLUSION

The longer you look back, the greater you can leap ahead .

Blessed are those who bring a wonderful smile, for they shall be called orthodontist

BIBILOGRAPHY

Proffit Contemporary Orthodontics, III Ed.Graber, Vanersdal Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques, II Ed.Graber, Swain Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques, III Ed.T.M. Graber Orthodontics: Principles & Practice, III Ed. Norman Wahl:Antiquity to the mid 19th Century AJODO Feb-2005 Vol-127: 255 -259.

BIBILOGRAPHYThe professionalization of orthodontics AJODO-Aug-2005, Vol-128:- 252 257.Facial Analysis before the advent of the Cephalometer AJODO Feb-2006, Vol-129:- 293- 298.The Cephalometer takes its place in the orthodontic armamentariam. AJODO April 2006, Vol-129:- 574-580.Functional Appliances to mid century. AJODO June 2006. Vol: 129- 829 -833.

Beginning of Orthodontics in India : Journal of Orthodontic Society 1980. Twin block Functional therapy: William J Clark. 2nd edition William Vogt, FRD: Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, June 2006, 368-377. The Begg's Applince and Technique GGT Fletcher Contemporary Orthodontics, William R Proffit. 4th ed

BIBILOGRAPHY

The rise of Indian orthodontics: a historical perspective; The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, July-September 2013Article - The first steps towards professionalization of Orthodontics.http://www.iosweb.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._R._Ahmed_Dental_College_and_Hospital