Introduction to oil & gas [read only]
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INTRODUCTION TO OIL & GAS
Part 1 : Energy
UTP Course For Beginners
Dr Deva Ghosh
Professor in Geophysics
Head Center of seismic Imaging ( C.S. I )
6/10/2011
UTP Course For Beginners
Compiled by Muhammad Najmi
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World Energy Sources
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Future Prospects of Oil & Gas
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Renewable
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Power Balance : Fossil Fuel Reserves
LEGEND BARS
OIL
GAS
COAL
ENERGY USAGE
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Electricity Usage at Night
Power Map : The colour-coded image of the Earth at
night shows the use of electricity for Lighting is
concentrated in industrialized regions(yellow)
The red parts correspond to oil flares.
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Historical Development Wells Drilled in Malaysia
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Countries With Natural Oil Reserves Greater Than 3 BSTB
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Countries With Natural Gas Reserves Greater Than 20 TSCF
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World –Wide Distribution of Natural Gas Reserves
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G.O.M. Offshore Platforms in Deepwater
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PETRONAS a Fortune 500 Company **PETRONAS a Fortune 500 Company **Has interest in 30 countriesHas interest in 30 countries
TOP TEN **
@ Profit
@ Return in
Asset &
Revenue
Including Malaysia
44% of Malaysia’s Govt.
revenue contributed by
PETRONAS
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Malaysia Oil and Gas Fields
Production Breakdown
Sabah
8%
M’SIA/THAI JOINT
DEVELOPMENTJOINT DEVELOPMENT
M’SIA/VIETNAM
PM 42%
8%
Sarawak 50%
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Reserves
Production
(million barrels)
(billion barrels)
Reserve ( B.O.E )
(billion barrels)
MalaysiaMalaysia Oil
and Gas
PM 42%
Sabah
8%
Sarawak 50%
Production Breakdown
Oil & Condensate
Natural Gas
(World Ranking)23rd
14th
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Oil and gas fields/discoveries in Malay Basin
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Geological History of The Earth
GeologicalGeological
Period
PAST
PRESENT
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Shifting Continent
Alfred Waegner Theory of
Continental drift
Based on matching Coast line.
However he said
Geological studies has toGeological studies has to
give the evidences
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S.E. ASIA BASIN EVOLUTION EARLY EOCENE (~55 MA) TO Curreny
1) Collision of India plate moving eastward with Asia
plate
60 maPaleocene
50 ma
Early Eocene
40 maLate Eocene
30 maOligocene
20 ma
Early Miocene
10 ma
Late Miocene
0 ma
Present day
60 maPaleocene
50 ma
Early Eocene
40 maLate Eocene
30 maOligocene
20 ma
Early Miocene
10 ma
Late Miocene
0 ma
Present day
Modified. from Scotese and PALEOMAP (2005) Courtesy Harry Doust
2) Further Collision with Australia plate moving
Northward
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Mekong Delta, Thailand
Delta Satellite Images
Niger Delta, NigeriaMahakam Delta, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia
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Ganges Delta, IndiaBay of Bengal,
India
DELTA IMAGES
Turkmenistan
Delta
Ural Delta,
Kazakhstan
DELTA IMAGES
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S.E. Asia Basin GeometryS.E. Asia Basin Geometry
Satellite View
Pacific
Deepwater
Mature
SEG Research Workshop, KL 2008
VARIOUS
BASINS
MALAYMALAY
SARAWAKSARAWAK SABAHSABAH
CONSONCONSON
200 KMSUMATRASUMATRA
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Malay Basin Geology
Malay basin is a prolific
Petroleum Tertiary basin that
has seen four decades of
extensive E & P activity.
It is an extensional deep It is an extensional deep
(12Km) mature, NW trending
basin. With dimension 500 X
200 sq km
Exploration is focused in
Miocene stratigraphic. Units
called Group E to K .
Youngest to oldest.
Courtesy PETRONAS
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S.E. Asia Basin Geometry
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Petroleum System Processes
Seal RockSeal Rock
ReservoirRockReservoirRock
OilOil
WaterWater
Gas CapGas Cap
EntrapmentEntrapment
24803
120° F120° F
350° F350° FGenerationGeneration
MigrationMigration
RockRock
Source: AAPGSource: AAPG
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Example of Gas Field in an Oil Field
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H.C. OCCURRENCE PROBABILITY MAPH.C. OCCURRENCE PROBABILITY MAP
MALAY BASINMALAY BASIN
LACUSTRINE.
OIL & GAS FIELDSOIL & GAS FIELDSSOURCE ROCKSOURCE ROCK
COALY
THICK
THIN
THIN
I GRPI GRPK GRPK GRP
Oil and gas distribution is a Combination of
the source rock distribution & their
maturity .
Gas is generated at high maturity
MATURITY MAPMATURITY MAP
Oil and gas distribution function of source rock and their maturity
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PlanningBlock
Acquisition
Frontier
Exploration
Prospect
EvaluationDrilling
Discovery Volumes AppraisalReserve &
Economic
LIFE OF FIELD
ExplorationExploration
AppraisalAppraisal
Reservoir
Static ModelSimulation
Production
Forecast
PVT
RFT
DST
Development
Plan
Infill
Drilling
Field DevelopmentField Development
EOREORFLOODING FLOODING
INJECTIONINJECTION SECONDARY SECONDARY
RECOVERYRECOVERY
PRODUCER & PRODUCER &
INJECTORINJECTOR
Secondary RecoverySecondary Recovery
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THE G & G LINK
SEISMIC
DATA
ACQUISITION
GEOLOGYGEOLOGY
*
27
ACQUISITION
VIBROSEIS
SOURCE
Subsurface is explored by exciting the earth by a SOURCE like , Dynamite or VIBROSEIS.
This creates a seismic wave that enters the subsurface and is returned to the surface by
the Reflection process in the form of a Seismic Response, that is recorded on the surface
by a sensor ( geophone/hydrophone)
SEISMIC DATA
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GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICS OTHERS
Outcrops
Basin Study
Sequence Strat
Geochemistry
Gravity magnetic
Positioning
Remote Sensing
Core & Sidewall
Sample
Seismic Acquisition
Seismic Processing
Seismic Interpretation
Seismic Evaluation
LIFE OF FIELD
EXPLORATIO� / APPRAISAL / DEVELOPME�T / PRODUCTIO�.
28
Geochemistry
Structural GeologySample
Seismic Evaluation
Rock Physics
Integrated G&G Studies
DRILLING
Sedimentlogy
Biostratigraphy
Pressure
Wire line Log
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ALLIED DISCIPLINES
INFLUENCING G & G
PETROPHYSICSPETROLEUM
RESERVOIR
ENGG.
G & G
DRILLINGCOMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY
PETROLEUM
ECONOMICS
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PSTM Stack Line 1990
Carbonate G @ G Link
Seismic
30
Outcrop
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DEEPWATER SUBMARINE FAN DEEPWATER SUBMARINE FAN
MODELSMODELS
31
- sandy channels confined by
muddy levees
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DEEP WATER TURBIDITESEDIMENT TRANSPORT
32
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BrazilWest Nile Delta
DEEPWATER IMAGES
33
Courtesy BG plc
L in e 3
5 0 0 m
West Africa
Courtesy BP
Courtesy Enterprise Oil/Shell
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N
TS1TS
2
FS1
Deposition of sand during high stand
N
SB1
TS1TS2
SB2
FS1
SB3
SUMANDAK BURIED HILL PLAY
DEPOSITIONAL MODEL
34
Deposition of sand during high stand
Truncation during low stand event
N
SB1
TS1
SB2
TS2
SB3
IVA
IVC
FS1
SB4
Overlain by clay during subsequence transgressive event
SEAL?
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SUMANDAK COMPLEXSUMANDAK COMPLEX
TIME
STRUCTURE
AMPLITUDE
35
AMPLITUDE
MAP
SEISMIC
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FORWARD & INVERSE SEISMIC FORWARD & INVERSE SEISMIC PROBLEMPROBLEM
ACQUISITION
SYSTEMS
START
WAVELET
RECOVER
� Structure
� Velocity
� Rock, Fluid, Lithology
END
MODELLING t
36
EARTH PROPOGATION
EFFECT
CONVOLVE
EARTH MODEL
• Vp, Vs, ρ
• Porosity
• Structure
• Saturation
SEISMIC RESPONSE
DECONVOLVE
RECOVER
GEOLOGY
MODELLING
INVERSION
t
**
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EOR Application in Malay Basin
EOR CHALLENGES
1) Production comes from offshore fields
where EOR is challenging and expensive.
2) Well spacing is coarse at 1000ft to 3000ft.
3) Many wells are deviated
4) Facilities are ageing 20 years or older.
37
5) 5) The reservoirs are complex, and compartmentalized.
6) Fields are mature and reservoirs depleted.
7) Oil is light with API around 45 degrees.
8)Reservoir temperatures are high
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GAS HYDRATES
B.S.R.
SHALLOW GAS
FLUID EXPULSIO�
MUD VOLCA�OES
POCKMARKSSHALLOW WATER FLOW
SAND FLOW
FISSURES
CRATERS
GEOHAZARD CLASSIFICATION
FLOWCHART
GEO-HAZARD
CLASSIFICATIO�
B.S.R.CRATERS
SLUMPI�G
LA�DSLIDES
FAULTS GORGES
I�STABILITY
OVER-PRESSURES
BLOW-OUT
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A B
GEOHAZARD IMAGES
GAS CHIMNEY
Ring faulting of seabed B
Gas wipeout A
Fissures/erocis C
C
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Gas bubbling in water
GEOHAZARD IMAGES
MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE
Magic of Seismic in detecting Gas bubbling in water
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MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE HAZARD
(GAS BUBBLING NEAR PLATFORM)
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SINKING OF DRILLING RIG
DUE TO GAS HAZARD
1 2
Gas escape causes Seawater density to drop resulting in the Platform to sink
3 4
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Improving Pore Pressure Prediction
Thermal Effects
-2800
-2600
-2400
-2200
-2000
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
00
Depth (m TVDSS)
Tangga-2
Bujang-2
Bujang-3A
Bujang-4
Sepat-1
Sepat-2
Noring-2
T.Barat
Melor-1
Inas-1
Guling-1
Melor-2
20 ppg
Onset of Overpressure
Lithostatic Stress
Pore Pressure Prediction
In the Malay basin
P -T G r a d i e n t = 0 .5 - 1 .0 M p a / ° C
P r e s s u r e ( p p g , M W E )
New Prospect
P-T Gradient = 0.5-1.0 Mpa/°C
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0
Pressure (ppg, MWE )
Depth (m)
Seism ic Predic tion
Trend Estimation
Top of Overpressure
Hard Overpressure
Thermal Effects Included in Trend
Generation
Thermal Effects Includedin Trend Generation
Perfect Match with Observed pressure (green) in Well Trend
Courtesy PRSB-UTP
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
0
Pressure (psi)
-4000
-3800
-3600
-3400
-3200
-3000
-2800
10 ppg
12 ppg
14 ppg
18 ppg
20 ppg
16 ppg
8.33 ppg
Expected High Pressure Zones 1 5 0 0
1 7 0 0
1 9 0 0
2 1 0 0
2 3 0 0
2 5 0 0
2 7 0 0
2 9 0 0
7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1
P r e s s u r e ( p p g , M W E )
Depth (m)
Perfect Match with Observed
pressure (green) in Well Trend