Introduction to Non Destructive Testing
description
Transcript of Introduction to Non Destructive Testing
![Page 1: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Introduction to Non Destructive TestingNon Destructive Testing
![Page 2: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
NDTNDT
Ability to detect the condition of the object without destroying the functionality of the object
BASIC METHODS Visual Inspection - VT Penetrant Testing - PT Magnetic Particle Testing- MT Ultrasonic Testing - UT Radiographic Testing - RT
![Page 3: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Visual InspectionVisual Inspection Inspection object surface visually is called
Visual Inspection May or may not use accessories Gauges for identifying the dimensions of
surface Magnifying glasses Borescope for internal inspection Thermal chalks, Thermocouple, for the
temperature measurement Etching for checking surface condition
![Page 4: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
EtchingEtching
for identification of gross metallurgical discontinuity such as in welds.
For detecting the surface opening – Fore runner to Penetrant Testing
Different Etchants available for different metals
![Page 5: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Simple Less training required Relatively less costly equipment
Disadvantages Slow Inspector Fatigue is more Surrounding environmental factors are important
![Page 6: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Penetrant InspectionPenetrant Inspection
Is a method that reveals discontinuities open to surface by the seepage of a liquid penetrant medium into a surface open discontinuity which seeps out after removing the excess penetrant revealing the discontinuity
![Page 7: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Stages of Penetrant TestingStages of Penetrant Testing Pre cleaning Application of penetrant Dwell Time Cleaning of Excess
penetrant Application of Developer Inspection Post Cleaning
![Page 8: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
DYE SYSTEMSDYE SYSTEMS
SOLVENT REMOVABLE DYE
![Page 9: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
DYE SYSTEMS DYE SYSTEMS
WATER WASHABLE DYE
POST EMULSIFICATION DYE
![Page 10: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PT Indications PT Indications
![Page 11: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Penetrant TestingPenetrant Testing
Advantages Simple methodEasy to train personnelCheapQuick
DisadvantagesOnly open defects can be detected
![Page 12: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Magnetic Particle TestingMagnetic Particle Testing
When a ferromagnetic material is magnetised the flux lines flow inside the component
When there is a discontinuity in the material there is flux leakage
The leaking flux attracts a magnetic medium resulting in an indication.
![Page 13: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types of magnetisationTypes of magnetisation
Longitudinal MagnetisationCircular Magnetisation
AC MagnetisationDC MagnetisationHWDC magnetisation
![Page 14: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Magnetic Particle TestingMagnetic Particle Testing
COIL METHOD YOKE METHOD.
![Page 15: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
HEAD SHOT METHOD
PROD METHOD CENTRAL CONDUCTOR
Types of Magnetisation - Types of Magnetisation - Circular MagnetisationCircular Magnetisation
![Page 16: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Magnetic Particle TestingMagnetic Particle Testing
PROD METHOD
![Page 17: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
MAGNETIC MEDIUMMAGNETIC MEDIUM
DryWet
Fluorescent – Requires Ultra violet lamp in darkened area – More sensitive than
Non – Fluorescent
![Page 18: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Magnetic Medium - Dry Magnetic Medium - Dry
Medium about 30 – 50 microns
Mixture of spherical and elongated powders
Spherical shape helps in mobility
Elongated shape helps in alignment to magnetic field
Dry Medium
![Page 19: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
MAGNETIC MEDIUM - WETMAGNETIC MEDIUM - WET
Oxides of iron used in suspension with water, kerosene, petroleum oil.
Size : 20- 30 microns More sensitive than dry
medium
![Page 20: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DemagnetisationDemagnetisation Residual magnetism affects
further operation such as welding.
Demagnetisation is preferably done with AC
Object is moved slowly away from coil
After demagnetisation residual magnetism is checked with gauss meters
![Page 21: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Magnetic Particle TestingMagnetic Particle Testing
Pre - CleaningMagnetisationApplying magnetic mediumInspectionPost cleaningDemagnetization
![Page 22: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
MagnetisationMagnetisation
Magnetisation to be applied in two mutually perpendicular direction
Magnetic medium to applied when the magnetisation is ‘ON’
Adequacy of field to be checked by field indicator ( Pie Gage )
Magnetic medium could be wet or dry / Fluorescent or non-fluorescent
![Page 23: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Advantages & DisadvantagesAdvantages & Disadvantages
Advantages For detecting surface & sub-surface discontinuity Can be tested rapidly Not very costly Relatively less skill required for testingDisadvantages Only useful in ferro-magnetic materials Demagnetisation may be required for many of the
parts
![Page 24: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ultrasonic TestingUltrasonic Testing
A beam of high frequency wave is introduced into the test object which gets reflected from the surface of any discontinuity
Used to detect and locate the surface and internal discontinuities
Amplitude of a reflected sound pulse is nearly proportional to the size of the reflector
![Page 25: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Ultrasonic TestingUltrasonic Testing
For Detecting internal flaws For almost all the materials –
metals, ceramic, rubber, composites etc..
Requires only one side access Portable equipment Non hazardous Can test up to about 10 m of
steel
![Page 26: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic Testing
![Page 27: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ULTRASONIC TESTING –ULTRASONIC TESTING –
PULSE ECHO TECHNIQUEPULSE ECHO TECHNIQUE Transducer acts as a pulser and receiver
Can detect the location and depth of defect
Only one side access is required
![Page 28: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ULTRASONIC TESTING –ULTRASONIC TESTING –THROUGH TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUETHROUGH TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE
• Separate transmitter Separate transmitter and receiverand receiver
• Accurate Alignement Accurate Alignement of transmitter and of transmitter and receiver requiredreceiver required
• Cannot locate the Cannot locate the depth of defectdepth of defect
![Page 29: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
PROBESPROBES
NORMAL BEAM PROBE DUAL CRYSTAL PROBE
![Page 30: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Test ProcedureTest Procedure
Calculate scanning zones Calibrate unit Draw DAC Scan When indications
observed - check the height of signal, location
Calculate location and size of discontinuity
Scanning patterns
![Page 31: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Location of defectsLocation of defects
IEDEFECT ECHO
BP
BP : Beam Path
Depth of defect :
D = BP Cos α
Position of defect
P = BP Sin α
![Page 32: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Radiography TestingRadiography Testing
Employs x rays or gamma rays to penetrate an object, detect discontinuities by recording the difference on a recording device
For internal flawsPermanent recordRadiation Safety is a major concern
![Page 33: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Basic PrincipleBasic Principle
X ray machines or Ir 192 or Co 60 main sources of radiation
Hole type or Wire type penetrameters used for checking sensitivity of radiograph
Source Radiation
![Page 34: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Radiography Radiography
Uses Penetrameters for ensuring the quality of the radiography procedure
Penetrameters are hole type and wire type
Sufficient radiographic density is required for the radiograph for proper evaluation
![Page 35: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
TechniquesTechniques
Double wall Single imageSingle Wall Single Image Job WeldFilm Source Radiation
![Page 36: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
TechniquesTechniques
Job WeldFilm Source Radiation
Double Wall Double Image Panoramic Exposure
![Page 37: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE
SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE
ASTM Hole Type Penetrameter
![Page 38: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Tungsten Inclusion
Porosity
DIN Wire Type Penetrameter
Porosity
Tungsten Inclusion
![Page 39: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Slag Inclusion Slag Inclusion
![Page 40: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
POROSITY POROSITY
![Page 41: Introduction to Non Destructive Testing](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469de9ab4af9fdb308b4894/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
`