Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How
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Introduction to Nanotechnology:What, Why and How
Introduction to Nanotechnology:What, Why and How
Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics
Science Saturday, Sept. 12, 2009: Part 1
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NanotechnologyThe biggest science
initiative since the Apollo program
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov
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Change in Scale1 nanometer = 1/1,000,000,000 of a meter
(A MAJOR change in scale)Analogy
12,760 km
12,760 km = 1.276 x 104 km= 1,276 x 107 m
1.276 x 107 m / 1 x 109
= 1.276 x 10-2 m
= 1.276 cm (one billionth of the earth's diameter)
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
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1.276 cm
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How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
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Smaller still
Hair
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6,000 nanometersDNA
3 nanometers
100,000 nanomete
rs10 nm objectsmade by guidedself-assembly
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Applications of Nanotechnology
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10 GB2001
20 GB2002
40 GB2004
80 GB2006
160 GB2007
First, An Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity
Hard driveMagnetic data storage
Uses nanotechnology!
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Magnetic Data StorageA computer hard drive stores your data magnetically
Disk
N S
direction of disk motion
“ Write”Head
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _
“ Bits” ofinformation
NS
“ Read”Head
Signalcurrent
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Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?
• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more)
• To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)
For a sustainable future!
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Types of Nanostructuresand How They Are Made
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Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing
"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods
•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining
•Chemical•Self-Assembly
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Nanofilms
Pressure must be held low to prevent contamination!
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, othersQuickTime™ and a
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Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes
"Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light
Nanofilm on plastic
Nanofilm on glass
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Nanofilm by Electrodeposition
VI
Cu2+ + 2e- –> Cu(0)
"reduction"
CuSO4 dissolved in water
Cu(0) –> Cu2+ + 2e-
"oxidation"
anodecathodeWorkingElectrode(WE)
CounterElectrode(CE)
("electroplating")
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A thin film method:Thermal Evaporation
Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber
vacuum~10-7 torr
sample
source
film
vacuumpump
QCM
vapor
heating source
Pressure is held low to prevent contamination!
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others
There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques
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Lithography
NanoscienceRocks
NanoscienceRocks
NanoscienceRocks!
(Using a stencil or mask)
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Photolithography for Deposition
substrate
process recipe
spin on resist
resist
expose
mask (reticle)
develop
deposit
liftoffnarrow line
apply spin bake
spin coating
exposed unexposed
"scission"
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Lithography
IBMCopperWiringOn aComputerChip
PatternedSeveral Times
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Computer
Microprocessor"Heart of the computer"
Does the "thinking"
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Making Small SmallerAn Example: Electronics-Microprocessors
ibm.commacroscale
microscale
nanoscale
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Self Assembly
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An Early Nanotechnologist?
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Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....
A nanofilm!
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"Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993)
"Quantum Dots" by Chemical Synthesis
(reverse-micelle method)
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SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS
Block “A” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Scale set by molecular size
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CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition
Template
EtchingMask
NanoporousMembrane
Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
(physical orelectrochemical)
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nanoporous template
Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask
1x1012 magnets/in2
Data Storage......and More