Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.
-
Upload
zachary-dobson -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
3
Transcript of Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.
![Page 1: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to NanotechnologyMarch 10, 2007
bnl
manchester
![Page 2: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Some things we will discuss:
• How big are nanostructuresScaling down to the nanoscale
• How are nanostructures made?Fabrication, synthesis, manufacturing
• How do we see them?Imaging and property characterization
• Why do we care?Applications to science, technology and society
Introduction to NanotechnologyMarch 10, 2007
![Page 3: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why do we want to make things small?
• To make products smaller, cheaper, faster and better by "scaling" them down. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, life-science, etc)
• To introduce new physical phenomena for science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)
![Page 4: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov
![Page 5: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter
![Page 6: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Smaller still
Hair
.
Red blood cell
6,000 nanometersDNA
3 nanometers
![Page 7: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
An Early Nanotechnologist?
![Page 8: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....
![Page 9: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ...
... perhaps half an Acre
CHALLENGE: How thick was the film of oil?
Volume = (Area)(Thickness)
V = A t
It can be determined that the thickness is around 1 nanometer
—> ACTIVITY with Oleic Acid
![Page 10: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
An Early Nanotechnologist!
A monolayer film (single layer of molecules)
~1 nm thick
Langmuir film
![Page 11: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
LangmuirFilm pressure
e.g., steric acid
monolayer filmwater
hydrophilic end
hydrophobic end
of an amphiphilicmolecule
![Page 12: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Langmuir-Blodgett FilmMust control movablebarrier to keep constantpressure
multiple dips -multiple layers
![Page 13: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
"Optical Lever"
To determine amplification factor, use the concept of similar triangles
laser pointer
![Page 14: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
"Optical Lever"
y1
x1
y2
x2
€
y2
x2
=y1
x1
€
y2 =x2
x1
y1
For example, if the laser pointer is 2" long, and the wall is 17' (204") away,
€
y2 =204
2y1 ≈100y1 Motion amplified
by 100 times!
![Page 15: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
.
"Optical Lever" for Profilometry
cantilever
laser
![Page 16: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
.
"Optical Lever" for Profilometry
cantilever
laser
Long light path and a short cantilever gives large amplification
![Page 17: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Scanning probe microscope
Surface
Vibrating Cantilever
PS/PEO
AFM image
µm(large )
Laser Beam
AFM, STM, MFM, others
![Page 18: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Qui
cktim
eQ
uick
time
AFM Cantilever Chip AFM Instrument Head
Laser Beam Path Cantilever Deflection
![Page 19: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
More on Nanotechnology
![Page 20: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
From DOE
![Page 21: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A Few Nanostructures Made at UMass100 nm dots 70 nm nanowires 200 nm rings
12 nm pores 14 nm dots
13 nm rings 25 nm honeycomb14 nm nanowires
18 nm pores
150 nm holes
![Page 22: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
"Nano"
• Nanoscale - at the 1-100 nm scale, roughly• Nanostructure - an object that has nanoscale
features• Nanoscience - the behavior and properties of
nanostructures• Nanotechnology - the techniques for making and
characterizing nanostructures and putting them to use
• Nanomanufacturing - methods for producing nanostructures in reliable and commercially viable ways
![Page 23: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Nanotechnology R&D is interdisciplinary and impacts many industries
• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products• And others
![Page 24: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Making Small SmallerAn Example: Electronics-Microprocessors
ibm.com
![Page 25: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Electronics Keeps On Getting BetterMoore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip
intel.com
![Page 26: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are of significant and growing importance.
Some have been around for a very long time:• Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles• Photographic film - silver nanoparticles• Tires - carbon black nanoparticles• Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium
![Page 27: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
"Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program"
nano.gov
![Page 28: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
National Nanotechnology InitiativeProgram Component Areas (2007 Federal Budget)1.Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and Processes2.Nanomaterials3.Nanoscale Devices and Systems4.Instrumentation Research, Metrology and Standards for Nanotechnology5.Nanomanufacturing6.Major Research Facilities and Instrumentation Acquisition7.Societal Dimensions
![Page 29: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Making Nanostructures: Nanofabrication
• Top down versus bottom up methods
•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining
•Chemical•Self-Assembly
![Page 30: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Lithography
MarkTuominen
MarkTuominen
MarkTuominen
(Using a stencil or mask)
![Page 31: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Making a microscopic mask
Silicon crystal
Polymer film
Electron Beam
Nanoscopic Mask !
Example: Electron-Beam Lithography
![Page 32: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lithography
IBMCopperWiringOn aComputerChip
PatternedSeveral Times
![Page 33: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
NANOFABRICATION BY SELF ASSEMBLY
Block “A” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Scale set by molecular size
One Example: Diblock Copolymers
![Page 34: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition
Template
EtchingMask
NanoporousMembrane
Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
(physical orelectrochemical)
![Page 35: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
DEVELOPMENT OF NANOFABRICATIONTECHNIQUES FOR PLASMONIC ARRAYS
template dots
rings holescylinders
![Page 36: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
How do we see nanostructures?
• A light microscope? Helpful, but cannot resolve below 1000 nm
• An electron microscope? Has a long history of usefulness at the nanoscale
• A scanning probe microscope? A newer tool that has advanced imaging
![Page 37: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Television Set
eye
electron beam
TV screen
Light !electronsource
prelim.
![Page 38: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Scanning Electron Microscope
SAMPLE
ElectronBeam
DETECTOR
![Page 39: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Scanning probe microscope
Surface
Vibrating Cantilever
PS/PEO
AFM image
µm(large )
Laser Beam
AFM, STM, MFM, others
![Page 40: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Image of Nickel AtomsSTM
![Page 41: Introduction to Nanotechnology March 10, 2007 bnl manchester.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513d08955034646298b50da/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Pushing Atoms Around
STM