Introduction to Multiaxial Fatigue
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Transcript of Introduction to Multiaxial Fatigue
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Introduction to Multiaxial fatigue
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The essential elements of any fatigue analysis are:
Identification of the loading environment
Establishment of the relationship between applied loads and local stresses and/or strains
The relationship between local stresses/strains and fatigue damage
For multiaxial analysis, these three elements can be analyzed at various levels of detail, and
with the increasing detail comes a cost of analysis time and interpretation of results.Loads are applied simultaneously in several directions, producing stresses with no bias to a
particular direction. In 3D geometry, these stresses are called multiaxial.
For accurate fatigue damage calculation, one must identify multiaxial stresses and use
appropriate algorithms.
Stresses from loads applied at multiple locations and how they combine at particular or
critical locations need to be investigated carefully.
If we assume that fatigue damage initiates at the surface of a structure then any direct or
shear stresses normal to the surface are zero, and there are only two principal stresses
which may be non-zero.
Multiaxial fatigue
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Hence there are three basic cases:
Case 1 Uniaxial stress state there is one principal stress which is significantly larger than
the second for the whole of the load history and whose angle does not change.
Case 2 Proportional biaxial stress state the ratio of the two principal stresses is nonzero,
but remains constant for the duration of loading. Angle also remains constant.
Case 3 Non-proportional stress state either the biaxiality ratio or the angle of the
maximum principal changes significantly through the time history.
For case 1,
No special algorithm corrections need to be applied to convert elastic stresses and strains to
elastic-plastic. The Neuber correction, or similar methods, are sufficient.
For case 2,
Procedures should be used to take into account the fact that the loading is non uniaxial. Two
such procedures are due to Hoffmann & Seeger and Klann Tipton - Cordes.
For case 3,
A full multiaxial notch correction procedure should be used. So, results from highly multiaxial
elements with high levels of strain should be treated with caution.
Multiaxial fatigue
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Stress-based approaches,
Strain-based & Energy-based approaches,
Critical plane models,
Fracture Mechanics approach for crack growth.
Multiaxial fatigue life estimation methods
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Equivalent stress approach
Equivalent stress approaches are extensions of static yield criteria to fatigue.
The most commonly used equivalent stress approaches for fatigue are the maximum
principal stress theory, the maximum shear stress theory (or Tresca), and the octahedral
shear stress theory (or von Mises).
Since fatigue crack invariably occur at the surface of the material where the normal stress is
usually zero, the practical problem can be simplified to a biaxial system of stresses.
In general, both a mean stress and an alternating stress are applied and the problem
concerns fatigue failure under a biaxial system of constant principal stresses (1m , 2m ) and
a biaxial system of alternating principal stresses (1a , 2a ).
In most general case the mean and alternating principal stresses are not collinear so the
directions 1m, 2m do not coincide with the directions 1a, 2a.
Three of the most common criteria that have been postulated are shown below, applied to a
biaxial stress system of principal alternating nominal stresses 1a , 2a. Taking the uniaxial
stress (or equivalent nominal stress amplitude) at a particular life N as faN, the criteria may
be expressed in dimensionless form and are listed below:
Stress based approaches
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Maximum principal stress criteria:
Failure occurs at the life N when,
1a = faN (or) 2a = faN
Minimum shear stress criteria:
Failure occurs at the life N when,
1a - 2a = faN
Octahedral shear stress criterion (von mises criterion):
Failure occurs at the life N when,
(1a)2 + (2a)
2 - 1a 2a = (faN )2
where, 1a , 2a are principal alternating nominal stresses with 1a > 2a
After computing equivalent nominal stress faN, S N approach discussed earlier topics can be
used for fatigue life calculations by setting faN equal to the appropriate fatigue strength Sf
It was studied that from the above theories of failure, that the non-shear stress and the
octahedral shear stress agree more accurate (never differ by more than 16%)
Stress based approaches
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Sines method
Accepting that fatigue damage is essentially due to local slip reversals, the shear stress is a
logical criterion for failure under alternating stresses but the same reasoning does not apply
to the mean stress.
The theory proposed by the Sines is considered the best for fatigue failure under multi
axial alternating and mean stresses acting together.
Sines suggested that the effect of mean stress is determined by the normal forces on the
hear planes and is such that the life is reduced when the forces are tensile and increased
when they are compressive.
Under this criterion the failure life under the stress system (1a , 2a ), (1m , 2m )
corresponds to that under the uniaxial fatigue stress fm faN where,
fm = 1m + 2m
faN = (1a2 + 2a
2 - 1a 2a)1/2
Stress based approaches
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Fatigue material properties are typically based on uniaxial stresses
Real world stress states are usually multiaxial
This fatigue result gives the user some indication of the stress state over the model and
how to interpret the results
Biaxiality indication is defined as the smaller in magnitude principal stress divided by the
larger principal stress with the principal stress nearest zero ignored.
Stress Biaxiality indication values :
Biaxiality of zero corresponds to uniaxial stress
Biaxiality of 1 corresponds to pure shear
Biaxiality of 1 corresponds to a pure biaxial state
Stress biaxiality
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Strain-based approaches are used with the strain-life curve in situations where significant
plastic deformation can exist such as in low cycle fatigue or at notches.
Analogous to equivalent stress approaches, equivalent strain approaches have been used as
strain-based multiaxial fatigue criteria.
Similar to the equivalent stress approaches, equivalent strain approaches are also not
suitable for non - proportional multiaxial loading situations.
The most commonly used equivalent strain approaches are strain versions of the equivalent
stress models as follows:
Maximum principal strain theory:
Failure occurs at the life N when,
1a = aN (or) 2a = aN
Minimum shear strain theory:
Failure occurs at the life N when,
( 1a - 2a )/(1+) = aN
Strain based approaches
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Energy-based approaches use products of stress and strain to quantify fatigue damage.
Several energy quantities have been proposed for multiaxial fatigue, such as:
Plastic work per cycle as the parameter for life to crack nucleation.
Plastic work is calculated by integrating the product of stress times plastic strain
increment for each of the six components of stress.
The sum of the six integrals is the plastic work per cycle.
Application of this method to high cycle fatigue situations is difficult since plastic strains are
small.
Total strain energy density per cycle, consisting of both elastic and plastic energy density
terms.
Energy, however, is a scalar quantity and, therefore, does not reflect fatigue damage
nucleation and growth observed on specific planes.
Energy based approaches
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Experimental observations indicate that cracks nucleate and grow on specific planes (also
called critical planes).
Depending on the material and loading conditions, these planes are either maximum shear
planes or maximum tensile stress planes.
Multiaxial fatigue models relating fatigue damage to stresses and/or strains on these planes
are called critical plane models.
These models, therefore, not only can predict the fatigue life, but also the orientation of the
crack or failure plane.
Different damage parameters using stress, strain, or energy quantities have been used to
evaluate damage on the critical plane.
Critical plane model
Assumption:
Only stress or/and strain components acting on the critical plane are responsible for the
material fatigue failure.
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Fatigue calculations are post processing functions.
They are preceded by a linear or nonlinear finite-element analysis.
The fatigue solver imports FEA results involving multiaxial repeated loads, fluctuating loads,
and rapidly applied loads.
Cracks usually begin on a component's surface unless there is a flaw in the material. So,
fatigue solver uses only the surface elements and nodes from the results.
FEA Software must calculate surface-resolved stresses (plane stresses on a structure's
surface) to correctly calculate multiaxial relationships and assessments.
Shell models produce surface stresses by default. However, many solid models produce
stress results in coordinate systems that must be transformed into surface resolved
stresses. And it takes surface stresses to correctly calculate biaxiality ratios and perform
multiaxial assessments.
Rigid elements and bonded contacts are used at precise locations, to transfer loads as
realistic as possible.
Results from the fatigue analysis are stored in a database. They show that greatest damage
or shortest life appears.
Finite Element based Multiaxial fatigue