Welcome to Psychology 102

Motivation & Emotion

Introduction to
motivation and emotion

Dr James NeillCentre for Applied PsychologyUniversity of Canberra2016

Image source

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_gemma_and_mehmet.jpgImage by: Mehmet Karatay, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Mehmet_KaratayImage license: GFDL, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_LicenseAcknowledgements: This lecture is based in part on Reeve (2009) .

Wednesday 10 August, 2016, 12:30-14:30, 12B27124-6665 Motivation and Emotion / GCentre for Applied PsychologyFaculty of HealthUniversity of CanberraBruce, ACT 2601, Australiaph: +61 2 6201 2536james.neill@canberra.edu.auhttp://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion

Introduction to motivation and emotion

Reading:Reeve (2015)
Ch 1(pp. 1-25)

Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2966.jpg

Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2966.jpgImage author: Jorge RoyanImage license: Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 Unported, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Outline

Based on Reeve (2015, Ch 1, p. 1)

Motivation & emotionDefinitions

Key questions

Motivation theory & science

Framework

Unifying themes

Solving practical problems

Motivation and emotion:
Definition activity

Write your own definition of:

motivation = ?

emotion = ?

Share and discuss your definitions with someone else.

Improve/modify your definitions.

Let's hear some definitions

Timing: Suggest 1 min for each of 1, 2, and 3, with 2 mins for #4Microphone: Use hand-held microphone to hand around to those reading out their definitions (so that it is better recorded)

Motivation and emotion:
Key questions

TheoryWhy do we do
what we do?+Why do we feel
the way we feel?

PracticeHow can we change
what we do?+How can we change
what we feel?

Key question prompterHand out 2 blank business cards to each participantInvite participants to write each of the key questions on one side on the business cards.Keep these 2 cards in your wallet/purse/phone case/or stick to the bathroom mirror for the semester, so that you are regularly prompted to ponder these two central questions during semester (flip them over from time to time)

Motivation and emotion:
Etymology

Image source:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Running_Samburu_Boy.jpg,
CC-by-A 2.0

"motivation"
and
emotionhave a common root in the Latin verb:movere
(to move)

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Running_Samburu_Boy.jpgImage author: Erik (HASH) Hersman, http://www.flickr.com/people/18288598@N00Image license: CC by A 2.0, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic

Motivation and emotion:
Scientific process

Reality(In all its complexity)Applications; Recommendations(How to support and enhance motivation and emotion in applied settings)Theory(Created by psychologists)Hypo-theses(Derived from theory)Data(To test the adequacy of each hypothesis)

Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.1

Representation

Application

Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.1 Illustration of a Theory

Motivation:
Pink blobs

Image source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_blob.svg,
CC-by-A 4.0

Pink
blob

Why aren't we just pink blobs?

Why do we ever do anything at all?

What animates our pink blobs?Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_blob.svg, Image license: CC-by-A 4.0Image author: Jtneill

Motivation:
Energy + Direction

Motivation refers to the processes that give behaviour energy and direction.

Energy (Strength):
Behaviours have strength, intensity, and persistence.

Direction (Purpose):
Behaviours aim to achieve particular purposes or goals.

Motivational theory example:
Reasons to exercise

Reeve (2009), Table 1.1

Based on Reeve (2009), Figure 1.1 illustrates the function and utility of a good theory.

Motivation:
Perennial questions

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-9)

What causes behaviour?

Why did she do that? Why do people do what they do??

Why does behaviour vary in its intensity?

Why does a person behave one way in a particular situation at one time yet behave in a different way at another time? What are the motivational differences among individuals, and how do such differences arise?

Motivation:
Specific questions that constitute the core problems to be solved in motivation study

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-7)

Image source:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpg,
CC-by-SA 3.0

What starts behaviour?

Why is behaviour sustained over time?

Why is behaviour directed towards
some goals yet away from others?

Why does behaviour change its
direction?

Why does behaviour stop?

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpgImage by: AR22, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:AR22Image license: CC-by-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Motivation:
Sources

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.2, p. 9)

Antecedent conditions External events

Social contexts

Internal motives

Needs

Cognitions

Emotions

Energised, goal-directed, and persistent (motivated) action

Motivation is concerned with the processes that give behavior its energy and direction.

Four processes are capable of giving behaviour its energy and direction.

Expressions of motivation

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 12-15)

Behaviour

Physiology &brain activations

Engage-ment

Self-report

Motivation cannot be directly measured;
but expressions of motivation can be measured.

Expressions of motivation: Behaviour

Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.2, p. 13)

Probability of responseChoice LatencyPersistenceEffort Facial expressions Bodily gesturesBased on Reeve (2009), Table 1.2 Seven behavioural expressions of motivation and emotion

Expressions of motivation:
Engagement

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.3, p. 13)

.

Extent of engagementBehaviourEmotionCognitionAgency On-task behaviour

Effort

Persistence

Presence of interest, enjoyment, enthusiasm

Absence of distress, anger, anxiety, frustration

Using sophisticated learning strategies

Seeking conceptual understanding rather than surface knowledge

Self-regulation, such as planning

Contributing constructively into and changing the environment for the better

Asking questions

Expressing preferences

Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.3 Four Interrelated Aspects of Engagement.

Expressions of motivation:
Physiological & brain activity

Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.3, p. 14)

BrainHormonal Cardiovascular OcularElectrodermalSkeletalBased on Reeve (2015), Table 1.3. Five Psychophysiological Expressions of Motivation and Emotion

Brain activityActivation of brain structures such as the amygdala (fear) or prefrontal cortex (setting goals).Hormonal activityChemicals in saliva or blood, such as cortisol (stress) or catecholamines (fightorflight reaction).Cardiovascular Contraction and relaxation of the heart and blood vessels activity (attractive incentives, difficult/challenging tasks).Ocular activityEye behaviorpupil size (extent of mental activity), eye blinks (changing cognitive states), and eye movements (reflective thought).Electrodermal Electrical changes on the surface of the skin (expression of threat activity or stimulus significance).Skeletal activityActivity of the musculature, as with facial expressions (specific emotion) and bodily gestures (desire to leave).

Expressions of motivation:
Self-report

Based on Reeve (2015, p. 15)

People can typically self-report the nature of their motivation
(e.g., via interview or questionnaire).

But there can be a lack of correspondence between what people say their motivations are and their behavioural and physiological expressions
(unconscious motivation).

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpgImage by: AR22, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:AR22Image license: CC-by-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Framework for understanding and studying motivation

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.4, p. 16)

Antecedent conditionsEnvironmental events

Social contexts

Motivestatus

Energising, directing, and sustaining: Behaviour

Enagement

Brain activity

Psychophysiology

Self-report

Changes in
life outcomes:Performance

Achievement

Learning

Adjustment

Skill, talent

Well-being

Needs

Cognitions

Emotions

Motivation themes

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 16-25)

Motivation
benefits adaptation.

Motives direct attention.

Motive strengths vary over time and influence the stream of behaviour.

Types of motivation
exist.

Motivating others requires effort to be successful.

To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions.

There is nothing so practical as a good theory.Motives are intervening variables.We are not always consciously aware of motives.Motivation study reveals what people want.10 themes

Motives vary over time & influence the ongoing stream of behaviour

Based on Reeve (2009, Table 1.4, p. 15)

Motivation is a dynamic process (always changing, always rising and falling) rather than a discrete event or static condition.

e.g., motives influencing behaviour of a student sitting at a desk

Note: The number of asterisks in column 4 represents the intensity of the aroused motive. One asterisk denotes the lowest intensity level, while five asterisks denote the highest intensity level.

Based on Reeve (2009), Table 1.4, p. 15

Stream of behaviour and
changes in the strength of its underlying motives

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.6, p. 20)

Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.6. Stream of Behaviour and the Changes in the Strength of Its Underlying Motives

Using motivational theories
to solve practical problems

Based on Reeve (2009, p. 22)

Practicalproblem

Given what I know abouthuman motivation & emotion

Proposed solution/intervention, if any

ae.g., Student dropout

Mediocre

performance

Theories

Empirical findings

Practical experience

How likely is it that an intervention will have positive benefits?

Do no harm

Understanding
the motivational agent

Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)

What is the behavioural phenomena?

What is its opposite?

Where does it come from?

Is it malleable or fixed?

What does it related to, or predict?

Identifying the motivational agent underlying the practical problem (e.g., goals, efficacy, or helplessness)

Theoretical understanding of
the problem to be solved

Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)

What is the model? (theory)

How does it work? (diagram?)

What causes the behavioural phenomena to change? Under what conditions?

What causes high and low levels of the behaviour?

Some ways to get a better overview of motivation and emotion

Read the 17 Reeve (2015) chapter summaries.

Look through other motivation and emotion textbooks in the library.

Check out articles in the peer reviewed journal, Motivation and Emotion.

Explore the previous (2010-2015) books on Wikiversity.

Summary

Why do we do what we do, feel what we feel, and how can this be changed?

Motivation and emotion have a common etymological and theoretical root to move

Motivation is a dynamic process which combines the external environmental context and interval motive status (needs, cognitions, and emotions) to give energy and direction to motivation as indicated by behaviour, engagement, neurological and physiological activations, and self-report.

References

Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Open Office Impress

This presentation was made using Open Office Impress.

Free and open source software.

http://www.openoffice.org/product/impress.html

8/8/16

Title text format

Click to edit the outline text formatSecond Outline LevelThird Outline LevelFourth Outline LevelFifth Outline LevelSixth Outline LevelSeventh Outline LevelEighth Outline LevelNinth Outline Level