Measurement - part 2 1 Software Measurement Measurement Theory.
Introduction to Modern Measurement Technology -...
Transcript of Introduction to Modern Measurement Technology -...
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Introduction to Modern Measurement Technology
andApplications in Coastal and Ocean Engineering
Kuang-An ChangOcean Engineering Program
Department of Civil EngineeringTexas A&M University
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What Do We Need to Measure in Coastal and Ocean Engineering?
• Water elevation
• Force
• Pressure
• Velocity
• Concentration
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Available Tools for Non-Intrusive Quantitative Measurement Techniques:
• Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV)Point velocity measurement, high sampling rate, small sampling volume
• Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)Full field velocity measurement, usually low sampling rate
• Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)Flow visualization, scalar field (concentration, heat) measurement, usually qualitative
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Drawing of Leonardo Da Vinci
Structures within a water flow
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Laser Induced Fluorescence
Turbulent round jet under waves
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How Does LDV Work?
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LDV Fiber Optical System
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Measurement of flow field around a 1:5 scale car model in a wind tunnel
Photo courtesy of Mercedes-Benz, Germany
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Measurement of air flow field around a ship model in a wind tunnel
Photo courtesy of University of Bristol, UK
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LDV System at TAMU
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LDV Measurement
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How Does PIV Work?
Mirror
Pulsed laser with light sheet optics
Thin sheet of light
Camera field of view
Water seeded with small particles
Digital camera head
Light sheet optics
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PIV SetupPulsed laser (Nd:YAG)
Light sheet optics
Thin sheet of light
Mirror
Video
Computer
Jet seeded with small particles
Free surface
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Image pair Image pair
Laser trigger signalCamera Trigger signal
t∆
512 × 512 pixels
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Naive PIV Technique
Frame 1
0tt =
Frame 2ttt ∆+= 0
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PIV Technique (2-frame/single-pulsed)
Frame 1 Frames 2ttt ∆+= 00tt =
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Cross Correlation
( ) ( ) ( )sub window
R s f x g x s dx−
= +∫∫Cross-correlation:
x
yR
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Instantaneous Velocity Measurements
• Turbulent Round Jet 1
• Turbulent Round Jet 2
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How Does LIF Work?
CW laser with light sheet optics
Thin sheet of light
Light sheet optics
jet mixed with fluorescent dye
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Fluorescein Characteristics
absorption emission
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LIF Setup
Jet mixed with fluorescent dye
Connected to constant head reservoir
Scanning beam
galvanometer
FOV
CW laser (Argon-Ion)
Free surface
x
y
Power meterThin glassShutter
Mirror
Video
Computer
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PIV/LIF SetupPulsed laser (Nd:YAG)
Light sheet optics
Jet mixed with fluorescent dye and seeding particles
Connected to constant head reservoir Thin sheet
of light Scanning beam
Mirror
galvanometer
FOV
CW laser (Argon-Ion)
Free surface
x
y
Power meterThin glassShutter
Mirror
Video
Computer
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Simultaneous velocity and concentration (Re = 4210)
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Simultaneous velocity and concentration (Re = 4210)
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Animation - Turbulent Round Jet
Re = 360. Simultaneous PTV-LIF Measurements
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Laboratory in Action
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Applications
• Pollutant transport in coastal water• Current structure interaction• Wave-structure interaction
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Jet under Waves
Jet under Waves
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a sewage outfall plume in coastal waters
The plume is intruding into a narrow layer. At the time the picture was taken, the mean current field was moving the plume off-shore.
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tracer-study plume conducted at the mouth of a river entering into an estuary
One can clearly see the fine-scale structure of the plume interacting with ambient turbulence and the slow nature of lateral spreading.
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joining of three different rivers
The one on the left, with very high particulate concentration, joins with the two rivers on the right. The larger of the two rivers carries a higher particulate load, thus the darkest (cleanest) smallest river is also visible. Notice how sharp the boundaries are separating the various river flows.
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Tung-Hsiao, Taiwan
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Tung-Hsiao, Taiwan
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Sketch of Horseshoe Vortex System
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Experimental Setup12
2 c
m
50 c
m
885 cm
180
cm
200 cm
306 cm
54 c
m
valve
honey comb
122 cm 100 cm 200 cm 305 cm 122 cm36 cm
test sectioncontractionsection
pump
meshes
stainlessflow
regulator
stainlessflow
regulator
(a)
(b)
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Experimental Setup
bottom glass
side view
U0
h
H
model
X
Y
x
y
top view
side wall glass
side wall glass
modelU0
WX
Z
x
z
base plate
support
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y(m
m)
0
5
107.5 cm/s
y(m
m)
0
5
10
y(m
m)
0
5
10
y(m
m)
0
5
10
y(m
m)
0
5
10
y(m
m)
0
5
10
x (mm)
y(m
m)
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 00
5
10
PIV
Velo
city
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y(m
m)
0
5
107.5 cm/s
y(m
m)
0
5
10
y(m
m)
0
5
10
y(m
m)
0
5
10
y(m
m)
0
5
10
y(m
m)
0
5
10
x (mm)
y(m
m)
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 00
5
10
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Animation
Cylinder-Plate Juncture Flow
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Bridge Scour
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Bridge Scour
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Bridge Scour
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Bridge Scour
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Bridge Scour
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Navy barge ship model test
Barge
y
x
Wave maker
Capsizing Position 8 m≅
0 m 33 m
h = 0.8 m
0.9 m
Side View
Top View
Wave Absorber
SWL
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Barge Model
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Wave Interaction with Barge
//
//
//
//
Slope : 1/5
Absorber
Barge
800
3500020000 9500
Unit : mm
Mirror
Wave Elevation Gauges
Light sheet
FOV
wavemaker
Side View
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Sketch of rolling barge and PIV fields of view
Condition FOV size (mm2) Spatial resolution (mm2)
Fixed Barge (large FOV) 142×113 1.8×1.8
Fixed Barge (small FOV) 57×47 0.74×0.74
Free Rolling Barge 121×96 1.5×1.5
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Sample Image Pair
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Vorticity (Fixed Barge, T=1.0 s)
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Turbulent kinetic energy(Fixed Barge, T=1.0 s)
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Vorticity (Rolling Barge, T=2.0 s)
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Waves runup
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Instantaneous velocity field
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Laboratory equipment
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Wave Tank & High Speed PIV System
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High Speed PIV System
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Nd:YAG PIV System
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LDV System (3D)LDV System
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Why be a coastal engineer?
Can always claim that we are working when going to beach!
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Our problem of interest
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Our measurements
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Our Working Place
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Our field equipment