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Mr. Norazli GhadinDr.T.V.Rao MD1INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Course OutlineSubject Name : Medical Microbiology 1Subject Code : MLT 1222Contact Hour/Week : Theory & tutorial 2 hourLab 2 hourAssessment : Final examination : 60 %Mid term : 20%Quiz : 5%Attendance & Participitation : 5 %Learning Objective3Know the History of medical microbiologyUnderstands the field of microbiologyExplain the importance of medical microbiologyExplain laboratory safetyList essential topics in medical microbiologyKnow and understand the laboratory procedure involved in microbiologyTopicsNoTopic1Introduction to Medical Microbiology2 Laboratory Rules and Hazards Symbols3Sterilization Technique4Microbiology Instrumentation5Introduction to bacteriology6Bacterial culture and growth7Technique in bacteriology lab8Culture media9Bacterial Staining and microscopy 10Bacterial Count11Biochemical TestMID TermFinal

Lets the fun Start Course objectivesDr.T.V.Rao MD6To provide the student with the basic knowledge of micro-organisms in generalCoverage of subject7General MicrobiologyBacteriologyMycologyVirology

What is Microbiology?Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye.What are some examples of microbes?Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples!Some are pathogenicMany are beneficial

Dr.T.V.Rao MD8 Microbiology :The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

Defining MicrobiologyEg: viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, Protozoa

Microbiologists study the morphology cytology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy, genetics, molecular biology9Dr.T.V.Rao MDOrganisms included in the study of MicrobiologyOrganismName of study101. Bacteria2. Protozoans3. Algae4. Parasites5. Yeasts and MoldsFungi6. VirusesBacteriologyProtozoologyPhycologyParasitologyMycologyVirologyHistory of Microbiology1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.

Dr.T.V.Rao MD11Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674 - 1st person to actually see living microorganisms wee animalcules

Leeuwenhoek1632-1723

Dr.T.V.Rao MD12History of microbiology Anton van Leeuwenhoek (16321723): was the first microbiologist and the first person to observe bacteria using a single-lens microscope of his own design.

Louis Pasteur (18221895): Pasteur developed a process (today known as pasteurization) to kill microbes. pasteurization is accomplished by heating liquids to 63 to 65C for 30 minutes or to 73 to 75C for 15 seconds.

Robert Koch (18431910): was a pioneer in medical microbiology and worked in cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis. He was awarded a Nobel prize in 1905 (Koch's postulates) he set out criteria to test.

Alexander Fleming (1929): Discovered penicillin.

Dr.T.V.Rao MD13Louis Pasteur1922 - 95Contributed best in MicrobiologySterilizationHot Air ovenAutoclaveAnthrax vaccineRabies vaccineBuilt the Pasteur Institute14Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Louis PasteurDr.T.V.Rao MD15Pasteur coined the word VaccineVacca Cow cow pox virus are given for the prevention of Small Pox Louis Pasteur considered the father of Modern Microbiology

Robert Koch1843 - 1910A German scientistFormulated the Bacteriological techniquesStaining MethodsDiscovered the Mycobacterium and Vibrio choleraIntroduce systematic methods to prove causes of diesease. (Koch postulate)16

Kochs PostulatesDr.T.V.Rao MD17 1 The bacterium should be constantly associated with lesions of Disease 2 It should be possible to isolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions 3 Inoculation of such pure culture into laboratory animal should reproduce the lesions of the disease 4 It is possible to reisolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions produced in the experimental animal Additional criterion specific antibodies in the serum of patients suffering with diseaseKochs postulatesDr.T.V.Rao MD18

Microbes make the UniverseThere are > 5 x 1030 types Microbes in the worldHumans have intimate relation with Microbes > 90% of the cells in our Body are Microbes

19Dr.T.V.Rao MDClassification Taxonomy of Microorganisms20Three domainsBacteriaArchaeaEukaryaProtistsFungiPlantsAnimals

TaxonomyKingdomAnimaliaAnimaliaPhylumChordataChordataClassMammaliaMammaliaOrderCarnivoraPrimata FamilyCanidaeHominidaeGenusCanisHomoSpeciesfamiliarissapiensNaming and Classifying MicroorganismsDr.T.V.Rao MD22Carolus Linnaeus (1735) established the system of scientific nomenclature.Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet.Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case.Eg: Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

How to Study Medical Microbiology?Dr.T.V.Rao MD23Fundamentals of MicrobiologyBacteriologyVirologyMycologyBiological PropertiesMorphology, identification, Pathogenesis and PathologyClinical findingsDiagnostic Laboratory TestsTreatment & PreventionEpidemiology & Control Basic Classification of MicroorganismDr.T.V.Rao MD24Eukaryotes Large in size Mitochondria Present Membrane bound Nucleus Eg Algae Protozoa Fungi Slime Moulds Contains all enzymes for production of metabolic energy Prokaryotes Small in Size DNA not separated from cytoplasm Mitochondria absent

Eg Bacteria

Contains all enzymes like EukaryotesProkaryotic cellsEukaryote cells Small cell (< 5m)Larger cells (> 10 m)Always unicellular Often multicellular No nucleus or any membrane bound organellesAlways have nucleus and membranes bound organelles.DNA circular, without proteinsDNA is linear and associated with proteins to form chromatin. Ribosomes are small 70SRibosomes are large 80SNo cytoskeletonAlways have cytoskeletonMotility by rigid rotating flagellum made from flagellin Motility by flexible waving cilia or flagella made from tubulins.Cell division is by binary fission Cell division is by meiosis and mitosis.Reproduction is always asexual Reproduction is sexual and asexual. Summary of differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells

BacteriaDr.T.V.Rao MD26ProkaryotesPeptidoglycan cell wallsBinary fissionFor energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

Pathogenic ProkaryotesMycoplasmaBacteriaSpirochetesRickettsiaChlamydiaeActinomycesDr.T.V.Rao MD27VirusesViruses lack many of the attributes of cells, including the ability to replicate. Only when it infects a cell does a virus acquire the key attribute of a living system: reproductionA viral particle consists of a nucleic acid molecule, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat, or capsid

Viruses are known to infect all cells, including microbial cells. Host-virus interactions tend to be highly specificDr.T.V.Rao MD28Discovery of VirusDr.T.V.Rao MD29Iwanovskia Russian chemist, 1892Tobacco Mosaic DiseaseBeijerinck confirmed

Walter Reed, USAYellow fever virusIst human virus

Tobacco mosaic disease, caused by the tobacco mosaic virusPrionA kind of infectious protein that can resist the digestion of proteinaseThe cellular form of the prion protein (PrPc) is encoded by the hosts chromosomal DNAAn abnormal isoform of this protein (PrPres) is the only known component of the prion and is associated with transmissibility. Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia, and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)Dr.T.V.Rao MD30ViroidSmall, single-stranded, covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-pairedrod-like structures; they do not possess capsidsThey range in size from 246 to 375 nucleotides in length. The extracellular form of the viroid is naked RNAthere is no capsid of any kindThe RNA molecule contains no protein-encoding genes, and the viroid is therefore totally dependent on host functions for its replicationThe RNAs of viroids have been shown to containinverted repeated base sequences at their 3' and 5' ends, a characteristic of transposable elements and retroviruses. Thus, it is likely that they have evolvedfrom transposable elements or retroviruses by the deletion of internal sequencesDr.T.V.Rao MD311928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus.1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.

Scientific era of AntibioticsDr.T.V.Rao MD32Discovery of AntibioticsDr.T.V.Rao MD33Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

Sir Alexander Fleming Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey

Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics

Penicillin

Mold Pencillium notatum

1928 Alexander Fleming34Dr.T.V.Rao MDModern DevelopmentsBacteriology is the study of bacteria.Mycology is the study of fungi.Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organisms genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.Dr.T.V.Rao MD35Microbes and Human DiseaseNormal micro biota prevent growth of pathogens.Normal micro biota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K.Resistance is the ability of the body to ward off disease. Resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals.Dr.T.V.Rao MD36Bacteria - what comes to mind?Dr.T.V.Rao MD37DiseasesInfectionsEpidemicsFood SpoilageOnly 1% of all known bacteria cause human diseasesAbout 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases95% of known bacteria are non-pathogensDr.T.V.Rao MD38Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus epidermidisStreptococcus pneumoniaVibrio choleraRhodospirillium rubrumBacillus subtilisMicrococcus luteus

Escherichia coliBacillus anthrasisSalmonella enteridisStreptococcus pyogenesSteptococcus lactisStreptococcus faecalisErlichia canisCampylobacter jujuniHelicobacter pyloriEnterobacter aerogenesMicrobes Benefit HumansDr.T.V.Rao MD391.Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environment (sewage treatment plants)2. Microbes produce various food products cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olivesyogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, breadBeer, Wine, AlcoholMicrobes are also capable of causing many diseasesDr.T.V.Rao MD40PneumoniaWhooping CoughBotulism Typhoid Fever MeaslesCholeraScarlet Fever MumpsSyphilisGonorrhea Herpes 1Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2Meningitis Tetanus RMSVStrep Throat Lyme Disease AIDSBlack PlagueDiarrhea GangreneParasitologyDr.T.V.Rao MD41Parasitology is the study of parasites .and their interactions with their hosts. The science of parasitology has a long history and has its roots in zoology, with its emphasis on the identification and classification of parasites and of life cycles,

What Are FungiConsiderable variation in size.Internal Molecular systemWell defined cell wall composed of polysaccharidesGaining importance in Immunosupressed patients and increased use of Antibiotics

42Dr.T.V.Rao MDZoonotic DiseasesDr.T.V.Rao MD43

How Humans Respond to InfectionsStudy of ImmunologyIn spite of Infection we survive with our ability to protect with a system inherent in our BodyCalled the Immune response comprises the Medical Immunology

44Dr.T.V.Rao MDWhy we should Medical MicrobiologyWe study the Microbes which infects and causes DiseasesWe study their Diagnosis Prevention Treatment

45Dr.T.V.Rao MDModern Developments in MicrobiologyDr.T.V.Rao MD46Immunology is the study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases.The use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes (variants within a species) was proposed by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933.

Must learnDr.T.V.Rao MD47Natural History of the DiseaseEtiologyPathogenesisLaboratory DiagnosisTreatment and Control and PreventionWe must be familiar with Knowledge On .Dr.T.V.Rao MD48Names of the MicrobesNames of the diseasesMode of transmissionPathogenic MicrobesCommensal OrganismsIdentify wether Bacteria, Virus, Parasite or FungiTreating and Preventing

The Birth of Modern ChemotherapyDr.T.V.Rao MD49Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy.Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics.Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.Commonly Used AntibioticsDr.T.V.Rao MD50PenicillinCephalosporins,Tetracycline's QuinolonesVancomycinChloramphenicolDrugs for Tuberculosis eg Streptomycin

Vaccines Produce Immunityand Prevents Several InfectionsDr.T.V.Rao MD51

Commonly used VaccinesDr.T.V.Rao MD52Small pox eradicatedBCG,MMRPolio oral VaccineTriple AntigenHepatitis B Vaccine

What Skills You should DevelopDr.T.V.Rao MD53Able to identify the Infective ConditionsTimely DiagnosisChoosing appropriate testsSelection of AntibioticsImplement measures to prevent diseases in patients and Society

Protect Yourself from InfectionsDr.T.V.Rao MD54Certain infections can infect youEg HIV, Hepatitis B infections,Tuberculosis,Many respiratory infections

Working In the HospitalDr.T.V.Rao MD55Hospitals are not safe Follow Universal precaution protect yourself as our patients can be source of Infection if you don't handle the matters with scientific knowledge.

Medical Microbiology advanced Beyond our ImaginationCan we handle it ???Dr.T.V.Rao MD56

Dr.T.V.Rao MD57EmailNorazli.ghadin@city.edu.myWebNorazlicucst.weebly.com