Introduction To Linux

What is Linux ?

• Generically : a class of operating system that use a common kernel

• “Distribution” cobbled together from various different user-space tools

• Many core tools originated in the GNU project; thus systems are sometimes called “GNU/Linux”

• Specifically : the kernel it self

Linux Kernel

• Originally started as a hobby by an undergrad at the University of Helsinki : Linus Torvalds

• Linux still leads the kernel development project

• Monolithic kernel • Device drivers built in, but with module support

• Latest stable version was 3.11.0 on 1/12/2013 • www.kernel.org

Linux System MAIN components of Linux operating system

GUI: Gnome, KDE, XFCE, LXDE, X.org

LAMP : Apache, PHP, MySQL

Net : Sshd, inetd

gcc GNU Coreutils Bash

GNU C Library Other libraries

SCI Device files Linux kernel Sockets

processes File systems Protocols

Memory management Drivers and modules

Computer hardware

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINUX

Linux Distributions

• A large number of differenr distributions have been created (see www.distrowatch.com)

• Distributions can be classified by which package manager they use

• Package managers install extra software and update existing software

Package Managers • Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)

• RHEL, Fedora, Mandriva, OpenSUSE, etc.

• Advanced package Tool (APT) • Debian, Ubuntu, BlankOn, etc

• Other binary formats • Slackware (tgz), Arch Linux (pacman), etc

• Source formats • Gentoo (ebuilds), Linux From Scratch, etc

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

• A linux dsitribution from Red Hat, Inc.

• RTP (Durham), NC

• Open-source (like other distributions), but the official product is sold with an updates subscription, accesses via per-installation serial numbers

• RPM package format

Debian GNU/Linux • Fully open source distribution (avoids proprietary

software) • Emphasis on security and stability • Achieves stability by using well-tested packages • Package versions tend to be rather dated • An “unstable” version is available with more bleeding-

edge packages • APT package format

Ubuntu • Distribution sponsored by Canonical, Lts., based in South

Africa • Designed to be easy to use and friendly to new users

switching from competing platforms • New releases every 6 months

• Dist-upgrade rarely works properly in practice, • Package pinning policy means that security updates are back-ported

to packages, but installing a new release is required to obtain feature updates

• APT package format

Arch Linux • Minimalist framework for creating a custom system

• Different philosophy from traditional distributions

• Not based on any prior distribution (written from scratch)

• Rolling distribution • No discrete versions • Updating the system updates all packages to the latest version,

with all the latest bugs

• Pacman package manager

BlankOn • Distribution sponsored by YPLI., based in Indonesian • Designed to be easy to use and friendly to new users

switching from competing platforms • New releases every 12 months

• Dist-upgrade rarely works properly in practice, • Package pinning policy means that security updates are back-

ported to packages, but installing a new release is required to obtain feature updates

• APT package format

Thank You For Attentions

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