Introduction to LaTeX

Document Preparation using LATEXDocument Processor not a Word Processor

A.B. Raju and Satish Annigeri

B.V.B. College of Engineering & TechnologyHubli 580 031

20 Sep, 2014

A.B. Raju (BVBCET, Hubli) Document Preparation using LATEX 20 Sep, 2014 1 / 23

LATEXversus MS Word

Microsoft Word is good forshort documents, such as coverpages, letters, or documentswith about 100 pages. Basicfeatures are easy to learn andGUI is useful for normal users.

If you are writing a longdocument like a Technicalpaper, Project report, an article,or a review, you are better offwith LATEX. Initial learning curveis steep, but persist with it andyou will be rewarded.


Document Preparation

Document Preparation is concerned with creating documents for print orelectronic distribution.

Typical document structure for long documentsFront matterMain matterBack matter

Mathematical equation typesetting

Lists

Tables

Reference citation

Cross referencing within the document

LATEX lets the author take care of logical structure while it takescare of visual structure

Word processors require the author to take care of both logical andvisual structure


LATEX History

Donald Knuth

Professor Emeritus, StanfordUniversity

Author of the multi-volume TheArt of Computer Programming

Creator of TEX computertypesetting system andMETAFONT font definitionlanguage

TEX was developed in late 1970sby Donald Knuth Donald Knuth


LATEX History contd

Leslie Lamport

Initially developed the LATEXsystem as a documentpreparation system

Developed when Leslie Lamportwas working at SRI International

Currently works at MicrosoftResearch

LATEX was first released in theyear 1985

Current version is LATEX 2εLeslie Lamport


Installing LATEX

Microsoft WindowsMiKTeX is a popular LATEX distribution for Microsoft WindowsHas a package manager to install additional packages or removeinstalled packagesHas an update manager to update installed packagesCan be downloaded from http://miktex.org

GNU/LinuxTeXLive is a LATEX distribution for GNU/LinuxInstallation and package management is done through the systempackage manager - one of apt-get, yum, zypper depending on yourGNU/Linux distribution

LATEX editorsTeXstudio - Windows and GNU/Linuxhttp://texstudio.sourceforge.net/

TeXMaker - Windows and GNU/Linuxhttp://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/

TeXnicCenter - Windows http://www.texniccenter.org/


http://miktex.org

http://texstudio.sourceforge.net/

http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/

http://www.texniccenter.org/

LATEX Document Preparation Workflow

1 Write the LATEX source document in a text editor

2 Compile the LATEX source document to your preferred output format

3 View the document

4 Repeat this loop to modify the document

Popular output formats

DVI – DVI viewer (xdvi on GNU/Linux, YAP in MiKTeX)

PDF – Acrobat reader or other PDF viewers (xpdf or evince onGNU/Linux, Sumatra on Windows)

Postscript (PS) – Ghostview viewer (Ghostscript)


Minimal LATEX document

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

Hello, World

\end{document}


Structure of a Document

A document can be structured into the followingPart \part BookChapter \chapter Book, ReportSection \section Book, Report, ArticleSub Section \section Book, Report, ArticleSub Sub Section \section Book, Report, ArticleParagraph \subsection Book, Report, ArticleSub Paragraph \subsubsection Book, Report, Article


Choosing the Right Document Class

BookTitle page on a separate page by itselfCan contain parts, chapters, sections, subsections, subsubsections andparagraphsNew chapters begin on a new page, on the right side by defaultDocument is two sided by default, can be changed to one sidedCan optionally have appendices.

ReportTitle page on a separate page by itselfCan contain chapters, sections, subsections, subsubsections, paragraphsNew chapters begin on a new pageDocument is one sided by default. Two sided is optional

ArticleNo separate page for title pageCan contain sections, subsections, subsubsections, paragraphsDocument is one sided by default. Two sided is optional


Adding Sections


\begin{document}

\section{Word} \label{sec:word}

I prefer using \LaTeX{} to using Microsoft Word or

other word processors.

\section{Latex}\label{sec:tex}

I love \LaTeX. As I mentioned in Section~\ref{sec:word},

I do not like word processors.

\end{document}


Some Tips for Beginners

Words are separated by spaces. Number of spaces doesn’t matter,one is as good as 100.

Paragraphs are separated by empty lines. Number of empty linesdoesn’t matter, one is as good as 100.

LATEX is a markup language. To make something to be printed inbold in the document, you mark it in the source with\textbf{this will be in bold}.

Following characters are reserved for use by LATEX –# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }. To print these characters in your document,you will have to escape tem. For example \& to print &.The characters that can appear in your text are:

Alphabets: a-z, A-ZDigits: 0-9

Punctuation: . : ; , ? ! ‘ ’ ( ) [ ] - / * @

Mathematical symbols: + = < >


Some More Tips

A soft return is introduced with two backslashes: \\

A non-breaking space is: ~ as in Chapter~1

LATEX automatically hyphenates words where necessary

Beginners must look out for some common errors:

A misspelled command or environment nameImproperly matching bracesTrying to use one of the ten special characters # $ % & _ { } ~ ^ \,as an ordinary printing symbol without escaping themImproperly matching formula delimiters – for example, $ without amatching $

The use in ordinary text of a command like ^ that can appear only in amathematical formulaA missing \end commandA missing command argument


All the Fuss about Spaces

Space after a sentence is longer than a normal space. Can you see itjust before this sentence begins?

Sometimes the period does not represent end of a sentence, such as,Prof. Donald Knuth. The period after Prof. does not end a sentence.You can tell this to LATEX. \ prints a normal space. Compare thefollowing in the printed document:Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof. Donal Knuth

Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof.\ Donald Knuth

Non-breaking space is introduced with ~

Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof. Donal Knuth

Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof.\ Donald Knuth

Prof. Donald Knuth – Prof.~Donald Knuth


Equation Example


\begin{document}

\begin{equation} \label{eq:sum}

s = \sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}

\end{equation}

\end{document}

Mathematical equations can be displayed in displaymath orequation environment, with or without numbers.

Displaymath mode without numbering: \[ x’ + y^2 = z_i \] oruse the \begin{equation*} x’ + y^2 = z_i \end{equation*}

environment

Inline math mode: Mathematical expressions within runningsentences: radius of a circle is $r^2 = x^2 + y^2$ orradius of a circle is $ r^2 = x^2 + y^2 $, which willprint as: radius of a circle is r2 = x2 + y2



\begin{document}

\begin{equation} \label{eq:mean}

\bar{x} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}} {n}

\end{equation}

The equation for mean is given in Equation \ref{eq:mean}.

\end{document}

x̄ =

∑ni=1 xin

(1)

The equation for mean is given in Equation 1.


Document Class Examples

\documentclass{book}

\documentclass{report}


\documentclass[a4paper]{article}

\documentclass[a4paper,11pt,twocolumn]{report}

\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper,oneside]{book}



\title{Learn \LaTeX}

\author{A.B. Raju}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\tableofcontents

\end{document}



\title{Learn \LaTeX}

\author{A.B. Raju}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\tableofcontents

\include{chapter_1}

\include{chapter_2}

\include{chapter_3}

\end{document}

In the above example, each chapter is typed in a separate file, andincluded into the main document in the right sequence.

Filenames usually have the .tex extension, but it is not included inthe \include{filename} command


Including Graphics

Convert images into .jpg/.eps or .pdf format

Include package graphicx

Use the \includegraphics{filename} command

Filename is case sensitive on some GNU/Linux and Mac OS X

To specify options, use the\includegraphics[options]{filename} command

Options may include [width=2.5cm], [height=5cm] etc

LATEX understand several standard length units such as:in for inch, cm for centimeter, pt for point. 1 inch is 72 points


An example


\usepackage{graphicx}

\begin{document}

\begin{figure}

\includegraphics{MyBat}

\caption{This is My Bat} \label{fig:bat}

\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig:bat}

\end{document}


TikZ Pictures

\begin{tikzpicture}

\draw[step=0.5,blue!20,very thin] (-1.5,-1.5) grid (1.5,1.5);

\draw[thick] (-1.5,0) -- (1.5,0);

\draw[thick] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5);

\draw[very thick] (-1,0) .. controls(-1,0.555) and (-0.555,1)

.. (0,1) .. controls(0.555,1) and (1,0.555) .. (1,0);

\end{tikzpicture}


Thank You


Introduction to LaTeX

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