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Introduction to PlanningGeography 241

Introductory ConceptsPlanning and the Planning Process

Lecture 1

Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University

Department of GeographyFall 2009

Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men's blood andprobably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in

hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will never die, but long after we are gone will be a living

thing, asserting itself with ever-growing insistency. Remember that our sons and grandsons are going to do things that would stagger

us. Let your watchword be order and your beacon beauty. Think big.

Daniel Burnham, Chicago architect. (1864-1912)

Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 3

Course GoalsBy the end of the course you should…

• Have a basic understanding of planning and the process of planning.

• Appreciate how the good things about your town do not usually happen by accident.

• Understand how planning works in your town and its positive impacts.

• Know how you can make a difference in your town.


What is Planning?

• Preparing for the future• Dealing with problems of the past• Profession• Organized problem solving

The Background andDevelopment of Planning


What is Planning?

• Preparing for the future• Dealing with problems of the past• Profession• Organized problem solving


Why do Communities Plan?

Planning as a Response to Problems of Urbanism


Urbanization and Cities

• How does the ‘human condition’ vary from…• Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Megalopolis

• What is the nature of human relationships?• How specialized is society?• What are the traits of urban/non-urban cultures?• Why does government become more important

with cities and urbanization?


The Dawn of Urbanism

• What is ‘urban’? What is a ‘city’?• Evolution Toward Urbanism

– ‘Sedentary Communities’ & Agriculture– Hamlets– Villages– Towns– Cities

• Urbanism and Culture


Urbanism

• Advantages • Disadvantages

How are these ‘size/scale’ dependent?


Urbanism, Government and Planning

• What is the role of government in an urban society?

• Planning in an urban society– Individuals and Families– Groups– Government


Classical Urbanism(ie. Greeks & Romans)

• Who cares?• Greeks: City-states & ‘organic cities’

– Forms• Acropolis, Agora, Temples, Theaters, Sports• Unplanned

– Housing• Courtyard style• Mixed neighborhoods

– Quality of Urban Life– Urban Design

• Grids as a means of organizing space


The Roman Impact

• Context of an Economic/Military Empire– Trade, Colonialism, and Wealth

• Roads• Trading towns• Military settlements (castra towns)

– Urbanization and Urban Development• Massive investment in major cities • Investment in Social & Physical Infrastructure

– Innovations: The Roman Arch & Concrete• Vaulted Ceilings• Basilicas• Concrete


The Medieval Town(or Urbanism After Rome)

(400’s to 1450’s)

• What happens to the Roman cities?– Cities in an era of weak government

• Feudalism and cities• Feudalism and urban form• The Viking influence• Carcassonne as an example• Cities reflecting history & Modern Tourism


End of the Medieval Period

• Mercantile Europe and its Cities• Life in a walled town• The Two-Part City• ‘New’ Urban locations• City as a Military Machine (bastides)• Venice as the ‘poster city’ of the period


The Renaissance City(1450’s-1660’s)

• Planning and the City– Trade, Money, and Power– Changing defensive roll of the city

• Gunpowder• Rapid urbanization

– Grid patterns reintroduced– Public spaces an city life-squares, piazzas, etc.

• Practical uses• Symbolic uses


The Baroque Period(1660’s to 1720’s)

• Context– Empires, Monarchies– Early Colonialism and its financial influences– City as home to the wealthy

• ‘Formal’ Cities– Elements– Versailles & Paris as model

• Who cares?– Impact on the communities of the western hemisphere– Baroque planning and capital cities

Planners and the Planning Process


Planning is…

• goal-oriented.• future-oriented.• an organized thought process

– It leads to an action.• based on the past.• a political process.• a profession.


What does it mean to be a professional?

• Someone who provides a service for others• Someone who is paid• Someone who is educated• Someone who is experienced• Someone who acts ‘professionally’• Someone who is certified (or equivalent)


Some Professional Applications

• State/Regional/Town Planning• Environmental Management• Transportation Engineers• Emergency Management • Land Use/Development Law• Economic Developers/Realtors• Urban Designers/Facility Design• Campus Planners


Types of Connecticut Town Government

• Mayoral• Managerial• First Selectman/Legislative• Town Meeting

(Chapters 7 & 8 of the CT State Statutes)–BENEFITS OF EACH–LIABILITIES OF EACH

• Planners are Civil Servants in government


How do they differ?(Why shouldn’t a planner be a politician?)

• Politician • Civil Servant


The Goals of Planning in Your Town

Improve the Quality of Life&

Provide Direction to the Community


The Job of a Planner in Your Town

• Control/direct development• Preserve/improve community character• Protect/conserve the environment• Benefit the health and welfare of community

residents

***Improve the Quality of Life***


What Do Planners Really Do???

• Planning Functions• Conduct Research• Create Policies• Make Plans and Programs• Implement Plans/Programs• Fund Plans/Programs $$$$

• Office Functions• Public Outreach• Technical Advising• Coordinate public sector

development activities• Review Proposals• Administer/Enforce• Budget


Planners Don’t…

• Approve policies– They draft them for others’ approval

• Approve plans– The create them for others’ approval

• Decide on funding– They make proposals that others consider

• Planners role is advisory– Who do they advise?


YOUPublic Participation in Local Government

• Value of Participation

• Liabilities of Participation


Public Participation Through Planning Commissions

• Why do they exist?• What do they do?• Who are members?• How do they work?

• The Two Formats– Commission– Integrated

• Responsibilities– Start Planning Process– Draft Plans– Develop & Implement

Regulations– Oversee Planning

Process


The Origins of Cities andUrbanization in America

Lecture 2




The Originsand Development of Cities

• What are cities?


Theories of Urban Origins

• Agricultural Surplus:

• Religious Causes:

• Defensive Needs:

• Trading Requirements:


Cities as Engines of Economic Growth: Capitalism, Industrialism, and Urbanism

• The New Trading Cities:

• A Capitalist Economy:

• The Revival of Urbanization:


Structure and Form of Trading Cities

• Political and Economic Structure:

• Spatial Form:

• Industrial Cities:


Industrial Revolution

• Changing Logic of City Locations:

• Elements of the Industrial City:

Urbanization in America:The Evolution of the

American Urban System


The Evolution of theAmerican Urban System

• Urban Systems:

• Situation:


The American Urban Hierarchy1630 - 2007

• Colonial Imprints:

• The Early Development of the U.S. Urban Hierarchy:

• Recent Shifts in the U.S. Urban Population:


Metropolitan Dominance

• Urbanization and Industrialization Among U.S. Urban Centers:


Borchert’s Transportation Epochs and American Metropolitan Growth

• Horse and Wagon Epoch 1790-1830:

• Regional Rail Network Epoch 1830-1870:

• National Railroad Network Epoch 1870-1920:

• Automobile-Airplane Epoch 1920-1960:


Urbanization Process

• Urbanization Curves:


Walter Christaller’sCentral Place Theory

• Centrality:

• Range of Goods:

• Threshold:

• Hexagonal Trade Areas:


Rank-Size Rule

• Principal of Effort:


Konderatiev Waves

• First Wave: Industrial Revolution 1770-1815:

• Second Wave: The Steam Engine 1840-1865:

• Third Wave: Fordism 1890-1920:

• Fourth Wave: Consumer Goods 1945-1980:

• Fifth Wave: Digital Telecommunications 2000-2035:


Contemporary Urban-Economic Restructuring

• Empirical Examples:

• Amenities:

• Attracting Young Educated People:

• Recent Metropolitan Population Shifts:


Types of Urban Places

• City and Town denote nucleated settlements, multifunctional in character, including an established central business district and both residential and nonresidential land uses. Towns are smaller in size and have less functions.

• Suburb denotes a subsidiary area, a specialized function segment of a large urban complex, dependent on an urban area. Suburbs can be independent political entities, as in Connecticut.

• The Central City is the part of the urban area contained within the suburban ring; it usually has official boundaries.

• An Urbanized Area is a continuously built-up landscape defined by buildings and population densities with no reference to political boundaries.

• A Metropolitan Area, on the other hand, refers to a large-scale functional entity, perhaps containing several urbanized areas and operating as an integrated economic whole.

Origins of Industrial Urbanism


In Review from Last Time

• Planning as a way to improve our lives• Planning becomes more important when we live

in cities• Evolution of Cities/Planning

– What were cities like prior to the 1800– What was planning like prior to 1800– Rural ideal in U.S.

• Rebirth of capitalism & its urban influence


Early ‘Urban America’

• The 1st American cities– European Traditions

• New England, New Amsterdam & village tradition• Tidewater and the ‘Town Acts’• The Carolinas/Georgia & Renaissance Style• L’Enfant-Washington DC & Baroque Style

– The Economics of Transporting Goods• In 1690 only 10% of the population was urban• Resource Exploitation and Trade• Population lived in small coastal/river valley villages


Urbanizing America afterthe Revolutionary War

• The Revolutionary War and its Impacts• In 1800 only 6% of the population was urban• In 1800 85-90% of the labor force were farming• Only 24 communities with over 2500 inhabitants• NYC had 100,000 residents in 1800

• Stabilizing the frontier• Expansion of the frontier• Trading routes into the interior• Growing population providing markets for rural products• Relative drop in urban population


What happens in the 1800’s

• The frontier becomes more distant & less appealing– The topography of the new frontier– Conditions on the frontier

• Massive immigration– many East Coast cities top 100,000– NYC 100,000 in 1800, over 2,000,00 by 1880

• Technology Change & Urban Growth– Water power to steam– Trains– Elevators and steel

• The Industrial and Urban Revolutions

An Industrial Utopia?


The Evolution to IndustrialismCreation of an Urban America

• Industrialization • Crowding (Over) of the Central Cities• Closing of the frontier• Massive immigration & migration• The Railroad Flat & the Tenement• Problems of Sanitation & Health• Problems of Urban Unrest


Impacts of Industrialization

• Industrialism Defined– Craft– Manufacturing– The move to the city

• Positive– Economic Growth– Job Creation– Material Production– Wealth Creation

• Negative– Increases Poverty– Concentrates Poverty– Decreases Skill Demand– Increases Child Labor– Pollution– Lowers Life Expectancy– Conflict


We start off with…

• Pre-1800’s Urbanism• Add

– Industrialization– Immigration– New technology

• Results in rapidly growing urban centers• Results in rapidly growing problems

• How do we dealing with the problems?


The 19th Century CityPhysical Changes

• Housing– Higher Density Housing-Tenements– Suburbs-Estates, Enclaves, Bedroom

Communities• Factories

– The Factory– Factory ‘Towns’-Pullman, Saltaire (1880’s)

• Mass Transit & Its Evolution• Evolution of the Skyscraper


Dealing with the ChangesPrior to WWI

• Public Awareness of the Problems– Jacob Riis ‘How the Other Half Lives’ (1890)– Upton Sinclair ‘The Jungle’ (1905)– William Booth

• Poverty Surveys• The Salvation Army• Whitechapel


Conditions in the Industrial City

VERY BAD


What to do about the Problem?

• Zoning and the Public Health Movement– Regulations to benefit the human condition

• New Towns, Garden Cities, & Streetcar Suburbs– Bring housing to nature or start from scratch

• The City Beautiful and City Planning– The first generation of urban renewal


• Cities as unhealthy places– Massive migration/immigration/population growth– Industrial Impacts– ‘The Great Stink’, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Alcoholism….

• Alcoholism, distillation & the Temperance Movement

• Some good things to know– Housing sanitation-NYC Tenement Law of 1867– Housing safety-NYC Tenement Law of 1901

• The ‘Dumbell’ Tenement– Parks movement & F.L. Olmsted

• Central Park (1866) Fenway (1880) Stanley Quarter Park– 1st Regulations against noxious uses in cities

Public Health Movement


• Ebeneezer Howard ‘Garden Cities of Tomorrow’– Anti urban ‘satellite’ cities (village life as ideal)

• Some good things to know….– Small self-supporting communities– Limited population– Greenbelts and open space– Letchworth, Welwyn, Hampstead G.S.– Columbia, MD

• Leads to New Towns Movement in the U.S.• ‘Satellite’ cities in U.S.S.R

Garden Cities


• Big Projects as catalyst for growth & civic pride– See Adriaen’s Landing, Radio City, the Big Dig…

• Some good things to know…– The Columbian Exposition of 1893 ‘White City’– Daniel Burnham’s Plan for Chicago (1909)

• “Make no little plans they have no magic to stir men’s blood…”

– 1ST PLANNING COMMISSION-Hartford in 1907• What they learned

– Beautification and adornment (at huge costs) had limited practicality for most cities. Hmmmm…

The City Beautiful

Planning and UrbanismBetween the Wars


Planning in the 20’s and 30’s

• Planning and the Car• Planning and Architecture• Planning and Economic Development• Regional Planning• Planning Regulations• Planning and the Courts


Architects & the ‘Modern’ City

• Industrial age urban constructs• The Progressive Movement

– The ‘Modern’ context– 20th Century Architecture

• The Culturalists / Romanticists– The ‘Traditional’ context– Achitectural inspirations from the past


The Culturalists

• Drawing from tradition– Evolving from the public health movement

• Garden Cities & Ebenezer Howard• City Beautiful & Burnham

– Nostalgic– Inspired by our cultural heritage– Criticizes current situation in light of the past– Work with and/or add to existing urban context


The Progressives

• Breaking from tradition– Evolving from the public health movement

BUT

– Future oriented– Inspired by vision of social progress– Revolutionary visions– Breaks with the existing urban context

– Progressive evolves into ‘Modernism’


Modernism

Modernism is a reaction against the crisis of urban disorder, impoverishment, congestion and anarchy

through the imposition of rational order.

• Modern=Rational & efficient. Machine as metaphor.– The city is the factory of modern life– The machine is our medium of modern design– The house is a machine for modern living

– Home is nothing more than a factory for the production of happiness (Good Housekeeping, 1910)


Modernists…

• Modernists think…– Large scale, metropolitan wide, rational, efficient, functionalist

(form follows function), organized, and monumental

• Modernists are trying to come to grips with…– Explosive urban growth, industrialization, rural to urban

migration, failing urban health, social uprisings, and the ‘despair of the cities’

• You may be a modernist if you like…– 1970’s architecture, minimalism, multi-purpose sports stadiums

(with the old kind of artificial turf), glass box architecture, or anything from IKEA.


Divergent trends in Modernism

• Arts & Crafts-Frank Lloyd Wright• Futurist-Walter Gropius & Tony Garnier• Radical-Le Corbusier• Why should we care…

– Dominated architecture into the late 1980’s


Utopianism and Planning

• What is Utopia?• Utopia as a concept in writing, design, thinking• The Culturalist / Romantic Utopia• The Progressive/Modernist Utopia• What would we do with a blank slate?• Is one man’s utopia another man’s hell?

Post-War Urbanism and Planning


Putting Modernism to Work

• Housing – Modernist attempts at housing– Different European contexts– The U.S.?

• Garden Cities & New Towns– 1920’s and 1930’s– Unwin and the ‘Greenbelt’ towns, Radburn N.J.– Modern versions of garden cities.


Modernism and the State

• Modernism and Fascism

• Modernism and Socialism


Planning & the Great Depression

• Boom to Bust in the U.S. Economy• Planning Impacts (the New Deal)

– Economic Development Planning– Environmental Conservation– Early Urban Renewal– Lots of housing legislation– Finance Programs– First Efforts at Highway Planning (parkways)– First Efforts at Regional Planning


• Evolutionary track of regulations• Milestones

– First city plan (Cleveland 1903)– First state ‘enabling legislation’ (WI 1909)– First city-wide zoning ‘code’ (LA 1909)– Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (1922)– Cincy adopts 1st comprehensive plan (1925)– Euclid vs. Ambler Realty (1926)– Standard City Planning Enable Act (1928)

Regulatory Planning


Planning & the Post War Period

• Building on foundations of the 1930’s+• Growing car ownership +• Population growth & the Baby Boomers +• Urban Renewal and Economic Growth +• Highway Planning and the Suburb +• Growth in home ownership =

The 1960’s City


The Car and the City

• Growing automobile ownership• Benefits of the car vs. mass transit• Problems of the car vs. mass transit• Land use impacts of the car• Planning impacts of the car• The car and the suburbs

(See highway impacts)


The ‘Baby Boom’ & Housing Changes

• The Baby Boom– Post-war fertility and birth rate growth– Short and long term effects

• Post War Housing– FHA & VA loan programs– Single family housing dominates– Levittown– Move up markets grow– Changes in who owns homes


Economic Growth

•The Post-War Economic Boom –The U.S. Position after WWII–Devastation in Europe–The lack of competition

•Fueling Growth–Highways–Consumer Spending–Urban Renewal


Urban Renewal

• Basic Concepts– The U.S. perspective– The European perspective

• Impacts• Urban Renewal, Housing, Public Housing• Problems

– Negatives– Costs– Ambitions– Economic downturns


The Coming of the Highway

• Parkways• Highways• Justification/funding for highways• Construction of the highways• Impacts of highways between cities• Impacts of highways within cities

The 1960’s City and Beyond


The Urban Crisis

• What was it?• The causes

– The world catches up– Industry moves out– Out-migration and urban poverty

• The taxation crisis• Declining urban environment• Racially/ethnically biased practices

• Catalysts– The Vietnam War– The assassinations of JFK & MLK


Children of the 1960’s

• Public awareness of the problem• Responses to the Urban Crisis

– Grassroots Planning• Civil rights• Advocacy & Non profits

– Environmental Planning• The Media & ‘Silent Spring’• Federal Government Actions

– Regional Planning


The Reagan Legacy

• Limiting Federal Involvement– Big government ‘slims’ down

• Independent Communities– Home rule not regions

• Funds and not Structures– Grant programs

• Planning for Economics– Growth pole economics

• NIMBYism


The Shape of the Modern Metropolis

• The sections of the modern metropolis– Inner cities– Inner suburbs– Fringe suburbs– Urban realms

• Outside the metropolis– Small cities– Rural towns

What are their conditions, problems, goals?


Planning, the Law, and Planning Documents Lecture 3




How does government get us to do what it wants us to do?

• Regulations• Rewards• Advising

• How does each work?


Planning as Regulation

• Planning as a Police Power– Public Interest– Public Health, Safety, and Welfare – Public Participation

(These give government authority over us and the authority to create laws)

– Legal Precedent


• Enabling Legislation• Statutory Laws

Vs.

• Case Law

• Enabling Legislation– Basis– Terms Defined– Powers Established– Responsibilities Defined– Links to other Statutes– Administration

The Creation of Law


Advancement of Government Power

• How did government power advance during the 20th Century?– Power to Control Land Use (late 1800’s)– Power to Plan (1920’s)– Economic Development & Housing (1930’s)– Civil Rights Powers (1950’s/1960’s)– Environmental Preservation (1960’s/1970’s)– Land Rights (1990’s)


What Empowers Government?What Limits Government?

• Enabling Legislation/Statutory Laws• Case Law

(Both empower and limit)vs.

• The Constitution (limits)– Amendment 1– Amendment 5– Amendment 14


Why single out the 5th Amendment?

• Planning today deals extensively with property (mostly land) issues.

– The ownership of property– The use of property– The value of property


Why is land such an issue?

• Control/direct development– How, when public only owns about 10% of the land?

• Preserve/improve community character– How do you preserve/improve what you don’t own?

• Protect/conserve the environment– How, when most of the property is privately owned?

• Benefit the health & welfare of residents– How does your community generate revenues?– How does your community generate additional revenues?


LAND as PropertyLAND as Rights

• Land Rights and the Cone of Ownership

• Surface Rights• Subsurface Rights• Supersurface Rights• Right of Access• Boundary Establishment• Adverse Occupance• Transient Resources


WHAT IMPACTS LAND VALUE???

• Location• Quality of the land• Quality of associated resources

(unlimited use, reasonable use, use rights)• What is on the land• For what is the land useful• How the land is used• Regulations affecting the land• Land Value and Takings


Land, Law, and ‘Takings’

• 5th Amendment and Property Seizure• Eminent Domain and Condemnation• The Concept of a Taking• The Concept of Rational Nexus


Planning and the 1st Amendment

• When is a sign protected by it?• When isn’t a sign protected by it?• Does regulating a place of worship conflict with it?• Does regulating adult entertainment conflict with it?


Government, the Law, and Ethics

Why do ethics matter in a discussion of government powers?

The 14th Amendment


14th Amendment & Town Plans

• A town plan presents the community’s goals. It indicates what is in the ‘best interest’ of the community.

• Planning is meant to make those goals a reality.

• How can you use the tools of planning without having a plan to justify them?


What makes planning political?

• Who benefits from planning?• Who pays for planning?

Town Plans


What empowers local planning?

ACTUALLY HAVING A PLAN

• Need a reason to use the tools• Need a goal for use of the of the tools• A plan may be needed or required in order to justify

public expenditures


The Types of Plans

• Branch Planning• Area Planning

– What are they?– Examples– What are their Pro’s and Con’s?– Who does them?– Why do they do them?


Comprehensive Plans:Plan of Conservation and Development

• Comprehensive Plan– Definition– Requirements for Success – In Connecticut (Plans of Development)– Empowered by CT State Statutes– 10 year planning ‘windows’


Comprehensive Planning Leads to….

• If you have a comprehensive plan then you have empowered…

– Site Planning– Departmental Planning– Capital Improvements Planning– Zoning– Subdivision Regulations– Historic District Regulations– Etc. Etc. Etc.

• These can be used to put the plan into effect


The ‘Rational’ Planning MethodProblems--Plans--Actions--Results

• What’s the problem?• How do you know?• What are our goals?• Where are we now?• What are our limits?• What are our resources• Where are we going?

– Projection/Prediction

• Creating Solutions• Testing Solutions

• Evaluation and Selection

• Implementation

• Review

THE FOUNDATION PLAN CREATION

GOING FORWARD

LOOKING BACK

Social Issues in Planning:The Public Facilities Example


Social Issues?

• To what extent are community problems a social issue?• To what extent are community amenities a social issue?• To what extent are social issues solved through social

services?• To what extent are social issues solved through

development (land or facilities)?


Why Facilities?

• What are the advantages of using facilities as the basis for solving social problems?

• What are the disadvantages of using facilities as the basis for solving social problems?


Facility Planning Goals

• Public Facilities should add to the quality of life in the community

• Public Facilities should meet the current and future needs of the community


Facilities Planning Basics

• Facility Need (performance standards)• Facility Design (architectural/design standards)• Facility Location (distribution standards)• Facility Alternatives• Facility Selection• Implementing (and how to pay for it)

• Facilities (structures) not Services


Some things are just good for you whether you like it or not.

• NIMBY’s• LULU’s

– How to deal with NIMBY’s– Judging the potential problems


Campus Facilities Planning

• What kinds of facilities are we talking about?

• Complexity of Task– Determining Need– Structural Needs– Location Requirements (economies of scale)– Location vs. Efficiency (human vs. capital)– Political Issues


Public Response to Facilitiesand Service Providers

• Based on client characteristics• Based on the characteristics of the facility

– Type– Size– Number– Reputation– Appearance

• Characteristics of the host community• Distance to the facility• Number/type of alternatives


How do you measure the costs?

• Are services/service facilities worth the money?• Cost issues-How do we measure costs?

• Cost-Benefit• Goals Achievement• Cost-Revenue• Cost-Effectiveness


How does your town pay for its Services, Service Facilities?

• Current Revenue• Reserve Funds• General Obligation Bonds• Revenue Bonds• Special Assessments• Special Districts• Tax Increment Financing (TIF)

• Can these be used for services?


Land Use, Land Use Planningand its Tools Lecture 4 & 5


Department of GeographFall 2009


The Land Component of Comprehensive Planning

• Tools of Comprehensive Planning• Goals

– Avoid adversarial uses– Promote complementary uses– Improve the ‘look’ of a community– Promote efficient use of land– Minimize public costs– Increase public revenues– Promote social equity– Protect the public health, safety, and welfare

Zoning and Zoning Regulations


Tools for Controlling Land Use

• Zoning Basics– ‘By right’ and permitted uses– Conditionally or special permit uses– Non-permitted uses– Bulk/density limitations– Accessory uses vs. Accessory buildings– Performance Standards– Hierarchies vs. Exclusivity in zoning– Overlay zoning– Variances


Fine Tuning Zoning

• Downtowns http://www.pbase.com/image/4458987 or http://www.pbase.com/image/21440863

– Bonus zoning– FAR

http://www.dutchess29.org/figures/f9.1w.jpg

• The problems of mixed use– Planned unit developments

http://www.bluebacksquare.com/

• Open space preservation and…– TDR

http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/tdr/index.htm

– Clusteringhttp://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~ruralma/Parsons.un.html


Historic Preservation Basics

• What is it?• Who does it?• Why is historic preservation legal?• What is worth preserving and why?• Why should we care about preservation?• The National Trust for Historic Preservation


Historic Preservation Myths & Realities

• It is only for major buildings linked to famous people• Preservation is too expensive• It costs people the rights to their property • Listed houses are safe from demolition• It is bad for business• It only cares about the past


Historic Preservation: The New Orleans Example

• Vieux Carre Commission (The French Quarter)• The Historic District Landmarks Commission (for areas

outside the French Quarter)• Preservation Resource Center of New Orleans• New Orleans Planning Commission• U.N.O.’s H.P. Program


Why preserve?Preserve from what?

• Protect historic properties• Development incentive• Stabilize property values• Control new development• Public relations

• Problems of physical deterioration

• Economically-based redevelopment efforts

• Bad maintenance and redesign practices

• Obscurity


How do we preserve?

• Make it popular• Incentives

– Tax abatements– Tax credits– Tax freezes– Low interest loans– Professional guidance

and technical assistance

• Make it required• Regulations

– Zoning– Building codes– Historic/design district

regulations– Certificates of

Appropriateness


Development of a Historic District in CT

• Process– Create Historic District

Commission– Decide what is historic– Establish district boundaries– Classify properties as historic,

non-historic, intrusive

• Considerations– History of structure, site, and

occupants– Architectural compatibility– Landscaping and street furniture– Parking, sidewalks, public

spaces, signs, etc.

WHY?WHY?Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 130

Land Use Planning Tools

• Site plans• Subdivision regulations• Other land use planning tools


Tools for Controlling Land Development

• Development—Building—NOT USE!!!

• Site Plans• Subdivision Regulations

– Land Division– Preparation for building/use– Benefits for town, developer, buyer

• Impact and Development Fees-Exactions• Environmental Regulations


The Central City and Suburbanization Lecture 6 & 7




Urban Land Use:The CBD and the Growth of the Suburbs

• Central City Decline:


CBD Centrality

• The Development of the Central Business District:

• The Decline of CBD Centrality and the Rise of Agglomeration Economics:

• CBD Agglomeration Linkages:


Traditional CBD Characteristics

• The CBD Core-Frame Concept:

• Zones of CBD Assimilation and Discard:

• Daytime-Nighttime CBD Populations:


CBD Redevelopment and Revitalization

• Packaging the Entrepreneurial CBD:

• Historic preservation and architectural integrity (Hartford Ordinance)• Downtown housing (Hartford 21, Trumbull, 55, Sage Allen) • Convention center (CT Convention Center)• Improved parking facilities (Morgan Street Garage)• Transit improvements (Rising Star Shuttle)• Waterfront development (Riverfront and Science Center)• Nightlife and entertainment (Restaurants and Bars)• Cultural attractions (Wadsworth, Hartford Stage, TheaterWorks, The Bushnell)• Tourism (Old State House, The Capitol)• New office construction and old building refurbishment• Sports stadiums and arena (Patriots, Hartford Civic Center)• Pedestrian spaces (Constitution Plaza, State House Square, Pratt Street)• Police protection and presence (New Public Safety Facility)


Planning for the Central City

• What should we do?• How can we plan to improve the CBD?• Must we save the city?• Redefining the central city?


Contemporary CBD Activities

• Office• Residential• Entertainment• Conventions• Tourism


America’s New Downtowns

1. Major Attractions (Fun Zones).

2. Historic Districts.

3. Residential Neighborhoods.

4. Transportation Innovations.


Models of Suburban Evolution inNorth American Metropolises

• Location Rent and Urban Land Use:

• Land and Property Value:


Erickson’s Model of the Evolution of the Suburban Space Economy

• Spillover and Specialization:

• Dispersal and Diversification:

• Infilling and Multi-nucleation:


The Hartshorn and Muller Model of Suburban Downtowns

• Sprawl 1950s:

• Independence 1960s:

• Magnet 1970s:

• High Rise/High Tech 1980’s:

• Mature Town Centers 1990s to Present:


Suburban Sprawl

• Continuous Suburban Expansion

• Infill Growth

• Leapfrog Sprawl


A Discussion on the Effects of Suburbanization and Planning

• Who leaves the city?• What happens to the city?• What do cities do?• Who does it drive out?• What about jobs?• Suburbanization feeds on itself.• Economic Changes – Industry, Commerce, Retail/big box


Discussion Planning and Suburbanization

What are the planning trends?

• Inner-city: Revitalization and Redevelopment• Inner-suburb: Stabilization and Retention• Outer-suburb: Bracing for Impact• Rural communities: Beyond Impact

What is the role of planning in suburban growth?


Smart Growth Policies

1. Limiting outward expansion, 2. Encouraging higher density development, 3. Encouraging mixed-use zoning,4. Reducing travel by private vehicles,5. Revitalizing older areas, and 6. Preserving open space.


State of ConnecticutGrowth Management Policies

1. Redevelop and Revitalize Regional Centers and Areas with Existing or Currently Planned Physical Infrastructure

2. Expand Housing Opportunities and Design Choices to Accommodate a Variety of Household Types and Needs

3. Concentrate Development Around Transportation Nodes and Along Major Transportation Corridors to Support the Viability of Transportation Options

4. Conserve and Restore the Natural Environment, Cultural and Historical Resources, and Traditional Rural Lands

5. Protect and Ensure the Integrity of Environmental Assets Critical to Public Health and Safety

6. Promote Integrated Planning Across all Levels of Government to Address Issues on a Statewide, Regional and Local Basis


Mid-Term Exam ReviewLecture 8 - Exam




Housing, Housing Markets,and Neighborhood Regeneration

Lecture 9 & 10




Housing, Neighborhoods, and Planning

• Why is housing important?

• Why are neighborhoods important?

• What is the role of planning?


Basic Housing and Housing Markets

• Sector of Housing Tenure:

• Housing as a Commodity:


Sector of Housing Tenure

• Tenure: refers to the various ways in which residential units are secured and occupied (renter versus owner-occupied housing). Is title to the property held by a public entity or government agency or is the property privately owned?

• Conveyance: describes the pricing mechanism: Do markets set the prices and terms of occupancy, or are they established outside the markets? In the United States, 90 percent of housing is privately owned.

• Third-market housing: or social or nonprofit housing, contains units that are privately owned but are not conveyed by traditional markets.


Housing as a Commodity

• Markets: Housing can be analyzed in terms of markets, like other commodities. Housing, unlike other commodities, is fixed, it is not movable. It is expensive, durable, and subject to strong neighborhood effects. Therefore, geographic immobility, introduce many complexities into our ability to understand housing.


Housing Markets

• Housing Demand: Housing demand goes beyond just counting the number of households and the number of housing units.

• We must consider housing amenities: a dwelling’s features that determine its economic value.

• Geographic location: Housing value also depends on the geographic location of housing (spatial decision). (1) Site characteristics. (2) Relative location immediately proximate properties (use). (3) Position within your spatial configuration of your daily activities. All of these affect the market value of housing.


Housing Markets

• Housing Supply: Housing supply is a complicated subject with many facets. (1) Produced on-site where it is used (production method is costly). (2) Affordability of Housing: One third of income, on average goes to housing. Low income households tend to pay more.

• Housing Affordability Problems: Recent trends.


Housing Market Geographies

• Urban Ecology and Housing Markets – Invasion and Succession:

• Filtering and Vacancy Chains:

• Life-Cycle Notions of Neighborhood Change:


Urban Ecology and Housing Market

• Invasion and Succession: According to ecological theory, cities’housing stock grows from the inside out. Invasion, the arrival of new immigrants causing existent residents to move further out (succession).

• The spatial mobility into the next zone outward is propelled by the desire for social distance from the most recent arrivals, but is made possible by upward socioeconomic mobility and cultural assimilation into a non-ethnic mainstream.


Filtering and Vacancy Chains

• Homer Hoyt (1939), housing economist identified several patternsthat he considered inherent to the spatial functioning of urban housing markets.

• Hoyt believed that cities grew from the outside in and that the highest income households propelled urban growth on the edge of cities (outward movement for new larger homes with greater amenities).

• Creating a household shift or successive vacancies, each one in a progressively smaller and older housing unit closer to the core of the city (vacancy chains).

• Filtering: The construction of one additional housing unit on the edge of the city for an upper-income household filters its way through vacancy chains to result in a vacant housing unit close to the core of the city, available to newly arriving low-income households.


Filtering Applied to Neighborhoods

• Hoyt explained that filtering applied to neighborhoods in the same sense that each new occupant of a housing unit was often of lower income and social standing than the departing household.

• Thus, over time, the once fashionable in-town neighborhood built and initially occupied by a high-income urban gentry became out-dated in terms of the modern conveniences it offered.

• The homes sold to families of lesser means with each sale creating a downward filtering of the neighborhood.


Life-Cycle Notions of Neighborhood Change

• Other urban theorists have developed several similar life-cycle or stage models of neighborhood change.

• Each agreeing with Hoyt that as the housing stock in neighborhoods ages and becomes more out of date with contemporary tastes, the neighborhood inevitably decays, both physically and socially.

• This process was held to be inevitable because it was natural byproduct of properly functioning economic markets for housing.


Hoover and Vernon Five Stages Neighborhoods (1962)

• Stage 1. Initial Urbanization – typically occurs on the edge of the city

• Stage 2. Transition – population growth continues, density increases, and multifamily housing begins to be built.

• Stage 3. Downgrading – older housing stock is converted to multifamily use, densities continue to increase, and the housingstock physically deteriorates.

• Stage 4. Thinning – population declines, household size shrinks, housing units become vacant and are abandoned.

• Stage 5. Renewal – obsolete housing is replaced with multifamily buildings, and the intensity and efficiency of the land use increases. Renewal was thought to often require public sector involvement.


Anthony Downs - Neighborhood Stages (a continuum, moving up or down) 1981

• Stage 1. Healthy and viable

• Stage 2. Incipient decline

• Stage 3. Clearly declining

• Stage 4. Accelerating decline with heavy deterioration

• Stage 5. Abandoned and nonviable


David Boehlke and Charles BukiNeighborhood Typology

• Distressed Neighborhoods

• In-Transition Neighborhoods

• Healthy Neighborhoods


Market Realities: Ongoing Debates Over Equal Access to Housing

• Real Estate Agents and Differentiated Access:

• Discrimination in Lending:

• Accumulated Impacts of Housing Market Discrimination:


Real Estate Agents and Differentiated Access

• Several forms of discrimination are experienced in housing market transactions (renters and owners) and was routine and overt in the early twentieth century.

• Steering: defined as “behavior that directs a customer towards neighborhoods in which people of his or her racial or ethnic group are concentrated.” Three steering techniques: (1) racially differentiated neighborhood recommendations, (2) racially differentiated inspections of housing units, and (3) racially differentiated commentary or editorializing about neighborhoods.

• Three forms of steering: (1) information steering - whites are given information about a wider variety of neighborhoods than minorities, (2) segregation steering - whites are encouraged to take housing in more predominantly white neighborhoods (reverse is true), (3) class steering occurs when whites are directed towards more affluent neighborhoods (reverse is true).


Discrimination in Lending

• Redlining: a practice by lenders where neighborhoods were deemed unacceptably risky due to racial or ethnic compositions were often bounded by red on maps used in loan approval and appraisal processes.

• Subprime lending: is a segment of the lending market that provides specialized loan products to consumers who need credit but have flaws in their credit history.

• Not all subprime lenders are predatory lenders, who use unscrupulous marketing tactics to generate business from unsophisticated homeowners, often elderly. (Table 9.5, page 233)


Accumulated Impacts of Housing Market Discrimination

1. Restricts minority households’ access to housing by reducing the number of units they see.

2. Makes the search process more unpleasant for minority households, increasing the efforts (time and money) required of them.

3. Increases the difficulty in finding appropriate financing (minorities are given less assistance in locating lenders and in making sureapplications meet minimum requirements).

4. Increases the chances that mortgage loan applications will be denied.

5. Increases the actual cost of moving.


Housing Market Realities:Government Involvement

• Securing Home Ownership Through Loan Guarantees:

• A New System of Housing Finance - The Secondary Mortgage Market


Securing Home Ownership Through Loan Guarantees

• Home Owners Loan Corporation: early in the Depression to provide immediate relief to home-owning households.

• Federal Housing Authority (FHA). New program, rather than directly providing loans, the FHA provided incentives for private market lenders to increase lending for home ownership by providing guarantee to the lender on behalf of the homeowner.

• Federal guarantees had several important features: (1) longer amortized payback periods (20, then 25, then 30 years), (2) smaller down payments were required (20 percent), and (3) interest rateswere dramatically reduced because the feds bore the risks.

• Together, the new programs significantly reduced the total and monthly costs of buying houses.

• The feds also allowed mortgage interest to be deducted from income tax. These programs opened up homeownership to many more households. Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 170

A New System of Housing Finance

• 1940 to 1960 saw dramatic increases in homeownership. In the 1930s two privately held corporations had been chartered to facilitate the sale of mortgages back by the FHA and VA.

• Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac).

• Authorized to purchase government-secured mortgages from institutions that originally made the loans, keeping mortgage capital flowing. Later, there charters were expanded, allowing them to purchase conventional loans not guaranteed by the government. They could then package mortgage together and sell then again onthe new: Secondary Mortgage Market: to investors seeking a return on their investments. Given their important role in facilitating the circulation of capital through housing markets, we now refer to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as government-sponsored enterprises(GSEs).


Sprawl and the Suburbanization of Housing

• Antecedents and Preconditions of Post-World War II Suburban Sprawl:

• Postwar Sprawl:

• Supply and Demand Factor:

• Sprawl and the Federal Government – Housing Finance:

• Sprawl and the Federal Government Automobiles and Interstate Freeways:


Antecedents and Preconditions of Post-World War II Suburban Sprawl

• Shift in the geography of housing that took place several centuries ago during the Industrial Revolution.

• For most of history people lived near where they worked. • With industrialization, urban dwellers increasingly lived in areas

distant from their shops. The work/home separation was an essential precursor to suburbanization.

• Urban expansion based on the forms of transportation. Streetcar suburbs focused on downtown employment.

• The introduction of the automobile in the first decade of the twentieth century, had a tremendous impact on metropolitan regions.

• Local governments shifted their transportation investment from fixed system to paving roads.

• Existing neighborhoods had to be retrofitted to accommodate cars. Households either converted existing outbuildings into garages, built garages and carports, or found parking on streets that increasing seemed crowded and narrow.


Postwar Sprawl• Supply and Demand: Economic prosperity unleashed decades of

pent-up housing demand. Fordism and Consumerism - opportunity to buy homes. Demographics: returning military, marriages, kids, and families. Many families sought out homes with a new amenities considered conducive to raising children. “The American Dream.”

• Housing Financing: Most of the new home built were in suburbs based on government programs: (1) FHA/VA programs intensified the demand for housing, (2) programs had a geographic bias, directing most benefits to new housing located in the suburbs, (3) to prevent substandard housing programs were geared toward new construction, not existing buildings, (4) redlining had a geographic bias for the suburbs.

• Automobiles and Interstate Freeways: The Federal-Aid highway Act of 1956 called for a national network of highways connecting all major urban areas. Impact: (1) Providing easier, quicker and cheaper long-distance travel. (2) Linking the core areas to the hinterlands. (3) Economic boon to trucking and a decline in heavy rail transport. (4) Opened up areas further out to residential development. (5) Automobile provided flexibility in commuting--lower density auto-oriented residential housing development.


“Blight” and the Fate of Inner City Housing

• Blight and Growing Redevelopment Pressure:

• The Housing Dynamics of Redevelopment:

• Displacement and Public Housing:


Neighborhood Revitalization: Gentrification

• Rent Gap:

Planning and Housing


Planning and Housing

• Community Housing Goals– Safe/Efficient Places– Safe/Efficient Designs– Housing Aesthetics– Positive Economic Impacts– Limit Community Costs– Equitable Access


Planners and Housing

• Planners influence housing by influencing its…

– Design (direct)– Placement

And via planning for…

– Land Use (indirect)– Public Facilities– Transportation– Historic Preservation– Economic Development


Key Issues in Planning & Housing

• Access– Housing Affordability– Housing and low income populations– Housing and the poor

• Quantity– Housing Shortages

• Quality– Blight

• Impact of Land Use Planning on Housing• Failed Federal Housing Programs• Housing and Neighborhoods


Participants in the Housing Market

• What are their motivations?• Conflicting motivations

– Owners– Renters– Bankers (goals, profit, risk)– Builders– Real Estate– Government


Housing Market Participants

Goals Profit Risk

Owners

Renters

Bankers

Builders

Real Estate

GovernmentGeography 241 - Intro to Planning 182

Predatory Lending

• Sub-prime lending, risk, and foreclosures– Foreclosures as a risk-not desired result– Foreclosures most common in marginal group

• ‘Predatory’-Foreclosure as desired result– Excessive interest rates– Prepayment penalties– Balloon payments– Adjustable rates– Misrepresentation of loan terms– Flipping-excessive refinancing– Fee packing


What happens to people priced out of the Housing Market?

• Public Housing• Public Housing vs. Affordable Housing• Public Housing Problems

– Design problems– Vested interest– Concentration of poverty– Location problems

• Solution Strategies– Home Ownership Programs– Scattered Site Housing– Reconstruction


Connecticut and the Affordable Housing Problem

• Definition• Determining what is Affordable• The Connecticut Problem

– Costs, Profitability, Taxes, Zoning

• Impact• Solutions

– Institute affordable housing legislation– Make it cheaper to build– Make it cheaper to buy/rent


Planning and Housing QuantityShortages/Surpluses

• Why do shortages occur? • Where do they occur?

– Excess demand– Loss of existing units-Redevelopment– Limits on new development

• What is the impact of housing shortages?• Who is impacted most?• Solutions

– New Development– Increasing Capacity of Existing Units

• Surpluses?


Planning and Housing Quality Blight

• Planning and housing safety• Planning and housing appearance• Planning and housing location

• What is blight? What are its causes?• The Problems of Old Structures

– Deterioration & Obsolescence• Neighborhood-Wide Impacts

– Neighborhood value cycle– The Prisoner’s Dilemma


Blight and the Inner-City Why is it a Problem?

• Neighborhood Decline (Start with out migration)– Falling land values– Rents/Sale prices fall– Landlords increase density to deal w/falling prices– Produces overcrowding & degradation of buildings– Pushes values even lower– Pushes residents away

(Starts the cycle over again)


Blight Responses

• What to do with vacant/abandon property?– Infill Housing– Homesteading– Gentrification – Incumbent Upgrading (pre-abandonment)– Shift to non-residential uses


Housing in the Inner Suburbs

• Dealing with Adversarial Land Use Combos• Coming to Grips with ‘Build Out’• Maintaining the Housing Stock


Housing on the Urban Fringe

• Placing Housing in Suitable Locations• Creating Positive Environments• Preventing Adversarial Land Use Combos• Preventing Problems with New Housing


Economic Development Planning and Landscapes of Production

Lecture 11




Understanding the Economies of Cities• Basic and Nonbasic Economic Activities: Basic economic

activities generate income for the residents of the city. These activities export goods and services produced within the city and sell them outside of the city—the engine for economic growth. In contrast, nonbasic economic activities circulate income within the city—rather than bringing in income from the outside.

• Multipliers: One of the reasons that we make the distinction between basic and nonbasic economic activities is that basic activity is the engine for economic growth for the city. Without basic activity no income will be brought to the city.

• Agglomeration: Agglomeration refers to clustering, or a locationalconcentration of activities. Localization economies—savings occur when there is a concentration of similar kinds of manufacturing.Urbanization economies—are savings that accrue when there is a clustering of unlike activities, as occur in urban areas.


Interurban Industrial Production and Location

• The Growth Pole Model: is a way of showing changes in the location of manufacturing over time among a group of urban areas.

• The model may apply to the national, regional, or state level. • An essential component of the growth pole model is that location ad

productivity of manufacturing activity is inherently uneven geographically. There will be one key center and many smaller ones. The key center will be the growth pole. It will have a disproportionate level of industrial productivity and will experience the most rapid population growth.

• The rest of the area outside the key urban growth center is the periphery, a slow-growth set of urban areas as well as nonmetropolitan rural regions. New expanded industrial enterprises will be attracted to the key or growth urban center, leading to further population growth and economic prosperity.


Interurban Industrial Production and Location

• The Stanback Model: The Stanback Model is largely based on empirical observation and date. The model is characterized by the radical decline in manufacturing, especially the loss of jobs over the last quarter of a century, and the corresponding explosion of jobs in business and professional services and in the nonprofit sector.

• There are two basic tenets of the Stanback Model: 1. Metropolitan areas that were highly specialized in industrial production experienced a slower and more difficult adjustment to the new service economy. 2. Is that major corporations require many kinds of advanced or producer services.


The Stanback Model Continued

• The massive decline in the goods-producing sector as providers of jobs in U.S. metropolitan economies has had major consequences for metropolitan areas in general. Stanback has offered five key observation:

1. The increasing importance of services as a source of job creation;2. The dominant role of metropolitan, in contrast with nonmetropolitan,

economies;3. The economic specialization of metropolitan areas such as in

manufacturing, finance, health services, and resort amenities asbroken down by population size;

4. The wide-ranging differences in patterns of growth in employment, earnings, and income among metropolitan areas;

5. The increased importance of nonearned income as a source of aggregate demand within metropolitan areas.


Changes in Manufacturing Production

• Fordism: Traditional assembly line production. Raw materials storage, large runs, and final product storage.

• Fexible Production: Utilizes high tech systems, computers, software, and robots to produce many products at once on an assembly line.

• Just-In-Time Delivery: is an inventory strategy that eliminates inventory and warehousing


Intraurban Industrial Production and Location

• Three Key Processes for the Spread of Industry from the City to the Suburbs:

• 1. Is urban geographical industrialization, that is urban expansion has its base in industrial growth and capital accumulation—that creates new places attracting a labor force and new technologies, resulting in industrial districts in suburbs.

• 2. Is investment in real estate, where profits are made on the suburban fringe that lead to industrial concentrations, as well as to residential development and highway improvements.

• 3. Is the role of political processes, guided by business and government leaders.



• The Wheeler-Park Model: Captures the basic changes in manufacturing location within metropolitan areas since approximately 1850. It focuses in particular on differences and similarities between central cities and suburbs.



• The Wheeler-Park Model: It involves 5 phases:– Initial Centralization Phase (1850-1880): Manufacturing located in the

central city based on commercial activity and rail lines.– Central City Concentration (1880-1920): The heyday of the railroad

and where large manufacturing centers in the East and Midwest emerged. Central city and rail line focused.

– Continuous Growth (1920-1960): Continued outward growth and the emergence of the truck for transportation and distribution.

– Suburbanization-decentralization (1960-1980): Manufacturing exploded in the spacious suburbs and began to decline in the central city. Factories moved from the city to the suburbs, but also newfactories opened.

– Suburban Dominance (1980- ?): The continued decline of central city manufacturing and the ascendancy of the suburbs. High-tech principals have become the norm



• The Product Cycle Model: The second conceptual approach to understanding the intraurban location of manufacturing is the product cycle model. The cycle involves three phases, with each phase associated with a different kind of intrametropolitan or nonmetropolitan location.



• The Product Cycle Model: The three phases are:– Initial: A new product is being developed and improved upon. This is

the risk phase and costs are important. The most important costs are research and engineering and urbanization economies. Favor central city locations for the urbanized economies. Today they prefer a location in or near suburban office parks.

– Growth: Assuming profits and success during the initial phase, the firmnow finds demand for the product. The firm is highly profitable. This may require a new and enlarged facility, urbanization economies are less important, and inexpensive suburban locations are desirable.

– Standardized or mature: The product has become standardized, with little innovative research and development improvement. . Normal and stable profits drive the company. Capitol is required to run day-to-day operation, less skilled labor is need to carry out production, and management is reduced. Therefore, urban locations are no longer needed, nonurban or out-of-country locations become desirable.


Economic Development

• As a Profession:

• Strategies:

• Case Study:


PLANNING and DEVELOPMENT

• What is Economic Development?• What is the Economic Developers Role?• Why are Planning & Economic Development

Sometimes Thrown Together?• Economic Growth and Quality of Life• Business Growth and Business Types• Multiplier Effects & Value Added• ED and the Chamber of Commerce


MAKING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WORK

• Sell the Community• Build on Existing Strengths• Create New Opportunities• Develop Organizations

that can Help

The Basics• Business Attraction• Business Retention• New Business Creation• Retail and/or Industry• Bedroom Communities• Agriculture???• Retirement, Tourism & ED• Education and ED

Some Specific Strategies


Economic Development and Your Hometown

• What resources does your community have?• What liabilities does your community have?

– Fiscal– Infrastructural– Locational– Social– Environmental– Other


Tourism & Economic Development: A Planning Perspective

Development (Money, Jobs & Taxes)


The Growing Tourism Industry

• More Free Time +• More Disposable Income +• More Borrowing +• Greater World Knowledge +• Better Transportation/Housing +• World Business Expansion =

• MORE TOURISM SPENDING & REVENUE


Tourism and Development

• Multiplier Effects• Primary Business/Sources of Income• Secondary Business/Sources of Income• Distribution of Impacts• Impact in the Developing World• Impact Compared to Raw Material Exports


Tourism and Planning

• Goals of Planning-Primary– People and Revenues

• Goals of Planning-Secondary– Spread the Wealth– Protecting the Environment: Tourist Perspective– Protecting the Environment: Local Perspective– Sustainability


Issues for Planners Dealing with Tourism

• Lack of Experience• Process Complexity• Matching Markets and Products• Market Change• Seasonality• Taking the Good with the Bad


Planning for TourismPlanning vs. Vacation Types

• What are your goals?• Who are you planning for?• What are their goals?• What kinds of facilities will

be required?• What kinds of services will

be required?• How will this impact the local

population?

• Family Beach Vacations• Business/Convention

Tourism• Cruises• Seasonal Senior Residence

Tourism• College Spring Break

Tourism

Economic Development, Industry,and Retailing


Planning Industry and Retail Activities

• Planning to support development– Taxes, Jobs, Economic Development

• Planning to deal with side effects– Traffic, Pollution (noise, air, water, etc.)

• The Planners Job:– Planning to get the good without the bad– Economic development as a catalyst


Understanding the Business:Industry and Planning

Land, Transport, Inputs, Labor, Taxes

• Industrial parks-Traditional, Techno, R&D• Enterprise zones and other relatives• Brownfield development• Industry, airports, & seaports• Warehousing

• Strategies change over time


Understanding the Business:Retail & Planning

Thresholds, Market Areas, Orders of Goods, Competition, ACCESS

• Ideal is a location monopoly• Realities

– Protecting locations-Locate away from competitors– Market sharing-Locate close to competitors– Clustering-Locate close to other kinds of retailers

• Retail Landscapes– Clusters– Ribbons– Districts


Cities, Consumption, and Sustainable Planning Lecture 12




What is Sustainable Development?

• The best and most well known definition of sustainable development was created by the United Nations Brundtland Commission, in a report called “Our Common Future” published in 1987. The definition states:

• "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:

• the concept of 'needs,' in particular the essential needs of theworld's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and

• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs


Population Growth

• Over 6.4 billion people

• About 77 million increase per year since 1990

• China & India account for 38% of the world’s population

• U.S. population reached 300 million October 2006


Population Growth

• Doubling times


Demographic Equation

• Regional population change is a function of natural change (difference between births & deaths) and net migration (differences between in-migration and out-migration).

• Births – Deaths + Immigration – Emigration = Population Growth. When this equals out, it is known as zero population growth.


World Population Distribution

• 90% of all people live north of the equator, 2/3 in midlatitudes

• A large majority occupies a small part of the land surface

• People congregate in lowland areas

• More people live on the continental margins, near oceans


Overpopulation

• A value judgment reflecting an observation or a conviction that an environment or territory is unable adequately to support its population.

• Overpopulation is a reflection of carrying capacity– The # of people an area can support on a sustained

basis given the prevailing technology

• Can be equated with conditions of life


Urbanization

• Cities have grown rapidly in the past 50 years

• Urban growth raises issues of housing, sanitation, employment, transportation, etc.

• Some of the developing world cities, often surrounded by concentrations of people living in uncontrolled settlements, slums, and shantytowns, are among the most densely populated areas in the world.


Resource Terminology

• Renewable resources• Nonrenewable resources

• Resource reserves– Proven reserves


Nonrenewable Energy Resources

• Crude Oil• Coal• Natural Gas• Oil Shale & Tar Sands• Nuclear Energy

– Fission vs. fusion


Renewable Energy Resources

• Biomass Fuels– Wood– Waste

• Hydroelectric Power• Solar• Geothermal• Wind


Land Resources

• Soils• Wetlands• Forests

– Domestic forests– Tropical forests


Food Resources

• Food is plentiful but poorly distributed worldwide• Shortages can lead to malnutrition, which can have

health, social, and political consequences• Expansion of cultivated areas

– Most of the planet is not suitable– Much of available land is in tropical rainforest areas


Food Resources (continued)

• Increasing yields– Wheat, rice, & corn are key– Improved yields account for most of the gains in food

supply since the 1950s– Increasing yields is more costly– Yields in many irrigated or fertilized areas have

already been maximized• Increasing fish consumption may help solve widespread

protein deficiencies


Resource Management

• Environmentally sustainable economies– Soil erosion cannot exceed formation– Forest destruction cannot exceed regeneration– Species extinction cannot exceed evolution– Fish catches cannot exceed the regenerative capacity

of fisheries– Pollutants cannot exceed the capacity of the system

to absorb them

Planning and Cities and Consumption


What is Sustainable Development?

• The best and most well known definition of sustainable development was created by the United Nations Brundtland Commission, in a report called “Our Common Future” published in 1987. The definition states:

• "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:

• the concept of 'needs,' in particular the essential needs of theworld's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and

• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs”


Cities and Consumption: Coffee and Tea

• Londoners drink enough tea or coffee to fill eight Olympic-size swimming pools every day.

• The UK drinks 165 million cups per day, or 62 cups per year, which is 23,000 Olympic-size swimming pools.


Cities and Consumption: Water

• Londoners use approximately 30 gallons of water each day.

• Americans use over 90 gallons of water each day. • Africans use approximately 13.2 gallons of water each

day.• A 5-minute shower uses 10 gallons of water.• Bushing our teeth with the water running uses 1.6

gallons of water. • A dripping faucet uses 1 gallon of water a day• In 2000, London used 228 billion gallons of water, 50

percent in homes.


Cities and Consumption: Food and Eating• Londoners eat over 3 million eggs each day.• The UK eats over 10 billion eggs each year.• Londoners consume 6,900,000 tones of food per year.• The UK eats 750 broiler chickens each year. • It takes 7 pounds of grain to add 1 pound of live meat to

an animal.• 70 percent of grain produced in the US and 40 percent of

the world’s supply is to feed livestock.• Food travels a long way—over half the vegetables and

95 percent of the fruit Londoners eat is imported.• For every calorie of carrot flown from South Africa, 66

calories of fuel are used.• The food chain, including agriculture, processing, and

transportation contributes for 22% of the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions.


Cities and Consumption: Rubbish

• Approximately one third of all food grown for human consumption in the UK ends up in the trash bin.

• The UK throws away $30 billion worth of unused food each year.

• Londoners consume 24 million gallons of spring water each year—in plastic bottles.

• Londoners throw away more than 7 times their own weight in rubbish each year.

• 1.7 million disposable diapers are used in London each day.


Cities and Consumption: Transportation

• About 1 billion trips are made on the London Underground each year.

• Each weekday, 6000 buses accommodate 4.5 million passengers.

• The average Londoner lives 8.5 miles from work.• The UK adds 800,000 motor vehicles per year.• The average Londoner spends nine days a year sitting in

their car. • In 1950 there were an estimated 70 million cars, trucks,

and buses on the world’s road.• In 2000 there were between 600 to 700 million.• By 2025 the figure is expected to pass 1 billion.


Cities and Consumption: Materials –Cement, asphalt, and steel

• In 200 Londoners consumed 50 million tones of materials.

• 28 million tones were consumed by construction.• Building consume 40% of materials in the world.• In 2000 1.56 billion tones of cement were produced in

the world. 1/3 in China. Expected to double by 2040.• More than 65,000 square miles of land have been paved

in the lower 48 states to accommodate America’s 214 million cars. 3.9 million miles of roads. Could could cirlethe Earth at the equator 157 times.

• For every 5 cars added in the US, an area the size of a football field is paved over.


Cities and Consumption: Materials – The Sears Towner

• 1454 Feet tall (110 stories).• Three years to build. Cost more than $150 million in

1973.• The building contains enough steel to build 50,000 cars.• Enough telephone wire to wrap around the world 1.75

times.• Enough concrete to build an 8-lane five mile long

highway.• More than 43,000 mile of telephone wire.• 2000 miles of electrical wire.• 25,000 miles of plumbing.


Corporate Blandness

• 30,000 McDonald’s• 25,000 Subways• 11,000 Burger Kings• 11,000 KFCs• 6,800 Wendy’s• 6,500 Taco Bells• 11,000 Starbucks• 3,050 Gap• If we lined up the to 10 food chains they would stretch

halfway from NYC to LA


The Curse of Convenience

• Big four supermarkets in UK account for 75% of food retailing.

• Wal-Mart: worlds largest retailer. 3000 US Stores. 1,300 international. 1.4 million workers worldwide.

• Between 1997 and 2002, UK lost 13,000 specialty shops.

• In 2004 alone, 2157 independent stores were lost. Equals 50 per week.


Questions for Consideration

• Do you think globalization impacts local character? Do all cities risk becoming similar?

• Can we balance local character with globalization? Of yes, how? If no, why not?

• Is out rate of population increase and urbanization sustainable? Can we continue consuming so many materials and resources?

• Are there alternatives? What can or should cities do to reduce consumption and conserve resources?

• What can we do as individuals to reduce consumption and conserve resources?


Urban Design and New Urbanism Lecture 13




Urban Design

• Physical Structures…– can add to the quality/character of communities.– can be catalysts for growth and change.– can have significant visual impacts.

There is a physical and psychological relationship between people and the built environment which can be improved.


The Designer’s Perspective

• Physical Structures– should be Functional– should be Humane– should be Organized– should reflect accepted standards of Form

• THESE CAN & DO CONFLICT

“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”


Seven Urban Design Themes

• Location -Placement within community• Form -Size/Height/Bulk• Scale -Fit or proportion• Use -Activities• Time -Timing of Use• Movement -Modes/Routes of…• Signature -Identifiers & unique items


Urban Design Stakeholders

• Government Officials• Neighbors• Users• Builders• Architects/Designers• Owners


How Urban Design is Done

• Regulatory Controls– Review Boards/Public input– Building Codes– Special Districts/Overlay Zoning/Bonus Zoning– Historic Preservation– Performance Standards

• Incentives– Monetary– Administrative & Technical Support


Redefining Urban Design In America

• The Big Dig• http://www.masspike.com/bigdig/index.html

• The WTC• http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/Sept_2003_refined_design.asp

• New Urbanism• http://www.civitasinc.com/downloads/NewUrbanism.pdf


Aesthetics

• Aesthetics Basics • Berman v. Parker• Appearance as an ‘amenity’• Aesthetics and Building Design

– Remember bonus/incentive zoning?– Design Review boards– Village Design Districts


Aesthetics and Signs

• Signs and the First Amendment• Signs and Business• Aesthetics, billboards, & highway signage

– Limiting Regulations– Eliminating Regulations– Skirting the Law– When is a billboard art? (http://www.siboliban.org/bio2/boondocks.html)


Mobility and Transportation Planning Lecture 14




The Transportation System and its Planning

• Basic concepts– modes of transport– costs vs. benefits– link to land use

• Questions– What are you transporting?– How are you transporting it?– What facilities are involved in that form of

transportation?• The evolution of the transportation system


Goals of Transportation Planning

• Users• Community• Transportation Agencies

and Companies

• What are their GOALS?• Can you meet ALL of their

goals at the same time?

Common GoalsCommon Goalsmobility, safety, accessibility,mobility, safety, accessibility,dependability, aesthetics.dependability, aesthetics.

NonNon--Common GoalsCommon GoalsReduced travel time, costs Reduced travel time, costs (capital, operating, and user), (capital, operating, and user), pollution, economic and pollution, economic and environmentalenvironmentalimpacts.impacts.

Different Groups InvolvedDifferent Groups Involved


Major Issues in Transportation Planning

• Cars and Mass Transit– Pros and Cons

• Transportation & Economics• Transportation Subsidies• Transportation, Energy Use & Pollution• Transportation and Land Use• Transportation and Social Equity

– Acceptable and Fair Alternatives


Transportation ProblemsProblems, Causes, Solutions

• System Maintenance• Mode Requirements• Transportation Safety• System Policing• System Aesthetics• Traffic Misallocations

• Traffic Congestion


Traffic Congestion Problems

• Vehicles v. Capacity• Vehicles v. Time• Gridlock• Peak Load Problem• Black Hole of Highway

Investment• Transportation Systems are

Dynamic• Cumulative Causation

• New Construction• System Redesign• Mass Transit• Traffic Management• Manage and/or Modify Human

Behavior

• How do these compare for individual users, the community, and service providers?

SolutionsSolutionsBasic IssuesBasic IssuesIntroduction to Planning

Geography 241

Environmental Planning Lecture 15




Environmental Planning: Basics

• Regulate how we impact the environment• Regulate how environment impacts us• Environment as a commodity• Environment as a resource• How we manage the environment• How we mismanage the environment


Environmental Planning:Purposes of...

• Protecting the environment from people– Environmental Protection

• Managing the environment for people– Environmental Conservation

• Protecting people from the environment– Environmental Hazards


Goals of Environmental Planning

• Minimize use of non-renewable resources• Properly manage, replenish, and/or recycle renewable

resources• Protect unique/critically endangered resources• Promote alternatives that minimize adverse environmental

impacts• Reduce/eliminate loss of life/damage due to environmental

hazards


Basic Problems of Environmental Planning

• Value– What is the environment worth?– How does that value vary?

• By packaging...• By viewpoint...

• Interactions– What does the environment interact with?

• Trade-offs: Environment-Society-Economics• Complexity


Environmental Protection

• The important questions– What is worth protecting?– How do we protect it?– How much do we to pay to protect it?

• Economic context• Social context


Environmental Conservation

• Important Concepts– Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources– Resource Depletion– Resource Degradation– Depletion & Carrying Capacity– Degradation & Pollution

• How do we solve the problem? • Whose problem is it?


Hazards Planning

• Protecting the Public Health/Safety/Welfare• Important Concepts

– Area of Impact– Recurrence Interval– Magnitude

• Know the Hazards– How do they work?– What causes them?– How do they cause damage?


Hazards Planning Process

– Identify Potential Hazards– Determine how hazard affects H/S/W– Determine the area of potential impact– Identify Means of Lessening impact to H/S/W– Determine the Recurrence Intervals– Determine the Magnitudes– Decide on appropriate hazards strategy


Environmental Planningin New Orleans

• Preservation• Conservation• Hazards


Planning and Action

• How can hurricane damage be prevented?– Storm surge– Wind damage & tornadoes– Flooding

• What is an appropriate course of action?– For you– For government


Follow Up to the Hazards Stuff

• Personal Responses to Hazards– Migration– Evacuation– Insurance– Hazards ‘proofing’


Environmental Conservation

• Important Concepts– Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources– Resource Depletion– Resource Degradation– Depletion & Carrying Capacity– Degradation & Pollution

• How do we solve the problem? • Whose problem is it?


Hazards Planning

• Protecting the Public Health/Safety/Welfare• Important Concepts

– Area of Impact– Recurrence Interval– Magnitude

• Know the Hazards– How do they work?– What causes them?– How do they cause damage?


Hazards Planning Process

– Identify Potential Hazards– Determine how hazard affects H/S/W– Determine the area of potential impact– Identify Means of Lessening impact to H/S/W– Determine the Recurrence Intervals– Determine the Magnitudes– Decide on appropriate hazards strategy

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