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Introduction to international relationsM. Coxwith R. Campanaro

IR1011

2016

Undergraduate study in Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences

This is an extract from a subject guide for an undergraduate course offered as part of the University of London International Programmes in Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences. Materials for these programmes are developed by academics at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

For more information, see: www.londoninternational.ac.uk

This guide was written for the University of London International Programmes by Professor Michael Cox, Emeritus Professor of International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Professor Michael Cox is also director of LSE IDEAS, which, in 2015, was ranked third in the world of the best university-affiliated think tanks. The author and editor of over 25 books, he has held appointments at

universities across the world. He is currently visiting professor at LUISS School of Government in Rome and the Catholic University of Milan. Professor Cox has also held several senior professional positions in the field of international relations, including director of the David Davies Memorial Institute for the Study of International Politics, University of Aberystwyth; chair of the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR); associate research fellow at Chatham House, London; and senior fellow, Nobel Institute, Oslo. He also serves on the editorial board of several academic journals and has been editor of several leading journals in IR, including: The Review of International Studies and International Relations. He is now editor of Cold War History, International Politics and two successful book series: Palgraves Rethinking World Politics and Routledges Cold War History. Professor Cox is a well-known speaker on global affairs and has lectured in the USA, Australia, Asia and countries in the EU. He has spoken on a range of contemporary global issues, though most recently he has focused on the role of the USA in the international system, the rise of Asia, and whether or not the world is now in the midst of a major power shift.

The alterations made to 2016 edition of this guide were spearheaded by Dr Richard Campanaro, based on feedback from past students of IR1011. Dr Campanaro currently splits his time between providing online educational support for the University of London International Programmes and lecturing in the Political Science Department of the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Canada. He is an adjunct faculty member of the UPEI Institute of Island Studies, and continues to work on a variety of projects in international relations and public education.

This is one of a series of subject guides published by the University. We regret that due to pressure of work the authors are unable to enter into any correspondence relating to, or arising from, the guide. If you have any comments on this subject guide, favourable or unfavourable, please use the form at the back of this guide.

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Published by: University of London

University of London 2016

The University of London asserts copyright over all material in this subject guide except where otherwise indicated. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. We make every effort to respect copyright. If you think we have inadvertently used your copyright material, please let us know.

Contents

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Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1

Introduction to the subject area ..................................................................................... 1Route map to the subject guide ..................................................................................... 1Syllabus ......................................................................................................................... 2Aims of this course ........................................................................................................ 2Learning outcomes ........................................................................................................ 3The structure of this guide ............................................................................................. 3Overview of learning resources ...................................................................................... 4Online study resources ................................................................................................. 14Examination advice...................................................................................................... 15

Part 1: Introduction .............................................................................................. 17

Chapter 1: The origins of international relations ................................................. 19

Aims of the chapter ..................................................................................................... 19Learning outcomes ...................................................................................................... 19Essential reading ......................................................................................................... 19Further reading and works cited ................................................................................... 19Chapter synopsis ......................................................................................................... 20Introduction: IR is born from the ashes of war .............................................................. 20The interwar years (19191939): the twenty years crisis .............................................. 21Standing on the shoulders of giants: international political philosophy before 1920 ...... 22Application: using political philosophy to understand the world .................................... 26Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 29Overview of chapter .................................................................................................... 29A reminder of your learning outcomes .......................................................................... 29Chapter vocabulary...................................................................................................... 30Test your knowledge and understanding ...................................................................... 30

Part 2: The history of international relations ....................................................... 31

Chapter 2: Empires and international society from 1500 to 1914 ....................... 33

Aims of the chapter ..................................................................................................... 33Learning outcomes ...................................................................................................... 33Essential reading ......................................................................................................... 33Further reading and works cited ................................................................................... 33Chapter synopsis ......................................................................................................... 34Introduction ................................................................................................................ 34Empires and hierarchy: Europes imperial expansion ..................................................... 35From the Long Peace to the First World War ................................................................. 37The First World War ..................................................................................................... 39Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 40Chapter overview ........................................................................................................ 41A reminder of your learning outcomes .......................................................................... 41Chapter vocabulary...................................................................................................... 42Test your knowledge and understanding ...................................................................... 42

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Chapter 3: The short 20th century from 1919 to 1991 ......................................... 43

Aims of the chapter ..................................................................................................... 43Learning outcomes ...................................................................................................... 43Essential reading ......................................................................................................... 43Further reading and works cited ................................................................................... 43Chapter synopsis ......................................................................................................... 44Introduction ................................................................................................................ 44Self-determination and the decline of imperialism ........................................................ 45Power and polarity from 1919 to 1991: from multipolarity to bipolarity ........................ 46Global governance: building international organisations in a world of sovereign states .......................................................................................................... 49Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 51Chapter overview ........................................................................................................ 51A reminder of your learning outcomes .......................................................................... 52Chapter vocabulary...................................................................................................... 52Test your knowledge and understanding ...................................................................... 52

Chapter 4: The post-Cold War world .................................................................... 53

Aims of the chapter ..................................................................................................... 53Learning outcomes ...................................................................................................... 53Essential reading ......................................................................................................... 53Further reading and works cited ................................................................................... 53Chapter synopsis ......................................................................................................... 54Introduction ................................................................................................................ 55The USAs unipolar moment: 19912001 ..................................................................... 55Great powers in post-Cold War international society ..................................................... 57Whatever happened to the global South? .................................................................... 60International society and the war on terror ................................................................... 62Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 64Chapter overview ........................................................................................................ 64A reminder of learning outcomes ................................................................................. 65Chapter vocabulary...................................................................................................... 65Test your knowledge and understanding ...................................................................... 65

Chapter 5: Globalisation and the evolution of international society .................. 67

Aims of the chapter ..................................................................................................... 67Learning outcomes ...................................................................................................... 67Essential reading ......................................................................................................... 67Further reading and works cited ................................................................................... 67Chapter synopsis ......................................................................................................... 68Introduction ................................................................................................................ 69Globalisation to the end of the Cold War ...................................................................... 70Globalisation and US unipolarity .................................................................................. 72Globalisation and the international political order ........................................................ 73Thinking again about globalisation .............................................................................. 74The double crisis of globalisation?................................................................................ 77Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 78Chapter synopsis ......................................................................................................... 79A reminder of your learning outcomes .......................................................................... 79Chapter vocabulary...................................................................................................... 80Test your knowledge and understanding ...................................................................... 80

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Part 3: Theories of international relations ........................................................... 81

Chapter 6: The English School of international relations ..................................... 83

Aims of the chapter ..................................................................................................... 83Learning outcomes ...................................................................................................... 83Essential reading ......................................................................................................... 83Further reading and works cited ................................................................................... 83Chapter synopsis ......................................................................................................... 84Introduction ................................................................................................................ 85Organising principle ..................................................................................................... 85Concepts and assumptions .......................................................................................... 87Global and regional international societies ................................................................... 89The English School and the First World War .................................................................. 90Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 91Chapter overview ........................................................................................................ 92A reminder of your learning outcomes .......................................................................... 92Chapter vocabulary ..................................................................................................... 93Test your knowledge and understanding ...................................................................... 93

Chapter 7: Liberalism ........................................................................................... 95

Aims of the chapter ..................................................................................................... 95Learning outcomes ...................................................................................................... 95Essential reading ......................................................................................................... 95Further reading and works cited ................................................................................... 95Chapter synopsis ......................................................................................................... 96Introduction ................................................................................................................ 96Organising principle ..................................................................................................... 97Concepts and assumptions .......................................................................................... 97Applications ................................................................................................................ 99Liberalism and the First World War ............................................................................. 101Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 103Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 103A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 104Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 104Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 104

Chapter 8: Realism ............................................................................................. 105

Aims of the chapter .................................................................................................. 105Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 105Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 105Further reading .......................................................................................................... 105Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 106Introduction .............................................................................................................. 106Organising principle ................................................................................................... 107Concepts and assumptions ........................................................................................ 108Applications .............................................................................................................. 111Realism and the First World War ................................................................................ 112Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 114Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 114A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 115Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 115Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 115


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Chapter 9: Marxism ............................................................................................ 117

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 117Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 117Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 117Further reading and works cited ................................................................................. 117Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 118Introduction .............................................................................................................. 118Organising principles ................................................................................................. 119Concepts and assumptions ........................................................................................ 120Applications .............................................................................................................. 122Marxism and the First World War ............................................................................... 123Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 124Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 124A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 125Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 125Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 125

Chapter 10: Constructivism and gender theory ................................................. 127

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 127Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 127Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 127Further reading and works cited ................................................................................. 127Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 128Introduction .............................................................................................................. 128Social Constructivism ................................................................................................. 129Gender theory ........................................................................................................... 132Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 135Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 135A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 136Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 136Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 136

Chapter 11: International political economy ..................................................... 137

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 137Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 137Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 137Further reading and works cited ................................................................................. 137Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 138Introduction .............................................................................................................. 139Origins of the international economy to 1945 ............................................................ 139Bretton Woods .......................................................................................................... 141The Washington Consensus ....................................................................................... 143Three approaches to IPE ............................................................................................ 144Global institutions of IPE ........................................................................................... 146Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 147Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 147A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 148Chapter vocabulary ................................................................................................... 148Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 149

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Part 4: Key concepts in international relations .................................................. 151

Chapter 12: The state ......................................................................................... 153

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 153Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 153Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 153Further reading and works cited ................................................................................. 153Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 154Introduction .............................................................................................................. 155The rise of the sovereign state ................................................................................... 156The Peace of Westphalia ............................................................................................ 158State success ............................................................................................................. 160Non-state actors ........................................................................................................ 163Problems with sovereign states .................................................................................. 167Security and the state ................................................................................................ 168Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 169Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 169A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 170Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 171Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 171

Chapter 13: War .................................................................................................. 173

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 173Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 173Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 173Further reading and works cited ................................................................................. 173Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 174Introduction .............................................................................................................. 175Why we fight ............................................................................................................. 177Wars in particular ...................................................................................................... 179New wars .................................................................................................................. 182Liberal wars ............................................................................................................... 184Just wars: jus ad bellum and jus in bello ..................................................................... 185Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 188Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 188A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 189Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 189Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 189

Chapter 14: Peace ............................................................................................... 191

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 191Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 191Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 191Further reading and works cited ................................................................................. 191Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 192Introduction .............................................................................................................. 193The meaning of peace ............................................................................................... 193Theories of peace ...................................................................................................... 195Peace treaties ............................................................................................................ 197Peace movements ...................................................................................................... 199Peace processes ......................................................................................................... 200A more peaceful world? ............................................................................................. 202Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 204


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Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 204A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 205Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 205Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 206

Chapter 15: Power .............................................................................................. 207

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 207Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 207Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 207Further reading .......................................................................................................... 207Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 208Introduction .............................................................................................................. 209Defining power .......................................................................................................... 210Geography as power.................................................................................................. 211Relative power .......................................................................................................... 213Authority, soft power and smart power ...................................................................... 214Europe: the limited superpower ................................................................................. 216The USA and the unipolar moment ............................................................................ 217Unipolar in theory, imperial in practice ....................................................................... 218Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 219Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 219A reminder of your learning outcomes ....................................................................... 220Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 220Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 221

Chapter 16: Global governance and international organisations ...................... 223

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 223Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 223Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 223Further reading and works cited ................................................................................. 223Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 224Introduction .............................................................................................................. 225The United Nations .................................................................................................... 226The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ....................................................................... 228The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund ................................................ 230The International Atomic Energy Agency ..................................................................... 232Regional organisations .............................................................................................. 234Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 236Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 236A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 237Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 237Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 238

Chapter 17: New security ................................................................................... 239

Aims of the chapter .................................................................................................. 239Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 239Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 239Further reading and works cited ................................................................................. 239Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 240Introduction .............................................................................................................. 241Climate change ......................................................................................................... 241Health ....................................................................................................................... 244Resources .................................................................................................................. 246

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Energy security .......................................................................................................... 247Demographics ........................................................................................................... 248Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 250Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 251A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 251Chapter vocabulary.................................................................................................... 252Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 252

Part 5: The future of international relations....................................................... 253

Chapter 18: China rising I analysing contemporary IR literature .................... 255

Aim of the chapter ..................................................................................................... 255Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 255Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 255Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 255Introduction .............................................................................................................. 256Power shift and the death of the West? Not yet! ...................................................... 257Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 265A reminder of your learning outcomes ....................................................................... 266Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 266Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 267

Chapter 19: China rising II analysing the East and South China seas ............. 269

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 269Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 269Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 269Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 269Introduction .............................................................................................................. 270States ........................................................................................................................ 270Nations ..................................................................................................................... 272Countries .................................................................................................................. 273East Asian and Pacific international society ................................................................. 273East Asia and the Pacific: Kant, Locke and Hobbes ...................................................... 275Disputes in the East and South China seas ................................................................. 276Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 277Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 278A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 278Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 278

Chapter 20: Analysing the international order ................................................... 279

Aims of the chapter ................................................................................................... 279Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 279Essential reading ....................................................................................................... 279Works cited ............................................................................................................... 279Chapter synopsis ....................................................................................................... 279Introduction .............................................................................................................. 280The international order today ..................................................................................... 281Eight perspectives on the international order .............................................................. 282Application and analysis ............................................................................................ 288Chapter overview ...................................................................................................... 289A reminder of your learning outcomes ........................................................................ 290Test your knowledge and understanding .................................................................... 290

Notes


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Introduction

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Introduction

Of all the students of the social sciences taught in universities, those concerned with IR probably encounter the greatest degree of misunderstanding and ignorance, and engage in more ground-clearing, conceptual, factual and ethical, than any other.

Halliday, F. Rethinking international relations. (London: MacMillan, 1994) p.5.

Introduction to the subject area As you begin your study of international relations often referred to simply as IR it is worth asking some basic questions. What do students of IR study? What distinguishes international relations from the study of history, law, economics or political science? When did it emerge as an academic discipline, with its own university departments and publications? How has international relations changed over time? What does IR contribute to the sum of human knowledge? And why has it become one of the most popular 21st century social sciences, despite the fact that according to Professor Fred Halliday IR students have to spend more time than most defending and defining their subject?

The purpose of this course is to help you answer these fundamental questions. It will do so by familiarising you with key international relations issues and introducing you to some of the specialised IR topics that you may choose to study in the coming years. We will look in some detail at both the real-world problems that IR addresses, and some of the essential theories it uses to understand the international system. You do not need any specialised knowledge of international affairs to start this course. On the other hand, you do need to have a genuine interest in world events and a willingness to expand your knowledge of global history and geography. This subject guide will help you to take full advantage of IR1011 Introduction to international relations. Its chapters have been organised to introduce you to a wide range of international issues that have preoccupied writers and policy-makers for years, decades even centuries. It will help you to think about international events in a systematic and critical fashion, coming to well-reasoned conclusions based on a combination of empirical observations and conceptual clarity. The aim, in other words, is to inform and stimulate to get you to ask questions and reach conclusions that you may never have thought of before.

Route map to the subject guideThis subject guide is divided into 20 chapters, covering a range of topics in international relations. It begins by looking at the academic and philosophical foundations of international relations, reaching back to the 17th century for concepts that remain indispensable in the 21st century. Chapters 2 to 5 investigate key moments and developments in international history from the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 to the interconnected and highly uneven world in which we live in today. Chapters 6 to 11 are your gateway to the world of IR theories models of international behaviour that answer specific questions about the world.


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Each chapter will illustrate its ideas by analysing the causes and effects of the First World War a decisive event in international history and a convenient laboratory for your theoretical experiments. Chapters 12 to 15 delve more deeply into the state, war, peace and power four concepts that continue to shape world events in powerful and unexpected ways. Chapters 16 to 19 consider global governance, new security and the rise of China. Chapter 20 concludes the course by using IRs theoretical tools to think about the future, giving you a jumping off point for your next course in international relations.

Syllabus This course introduces students to the study of international relations (IR), focusing especially on the international actors and systems at the heart of the discipline. In doing so it considers several topics of interest. These include the evolution of IR during the 20th century; the impact of key historical events on the development of the discipline, including the Peace of Westphalia, European imperialism, and the First World War; changes to the international system since the end of the Cold War; the history of globalisation and its influence on the evolution of the disciplines main theories and concepts; the meaning of anarchy and systems in IRs understanding of the world; some of the similarities and differences between mainstream approaches to IR particularly Liberalism, Realism, and Marxism; alternative theories of world politics presented by some of IRs newer theoretical schools particularly Constructivism, post-colonialism, and international political economy; the difficulties implicit in defining and limiting war between and within states; the contentious place of peace in international society; the role and responsibilities of the state as one actor among many in the international system; our changing understanding of international power; the impact of globalisation and the end of the Cold War on actors definitions of security; the difficulties of global governance in an anarchic international society; and the likely impact of Asias (especially Chinas) rise on the units, processes, and structures of the international system.

Aims of this course This course aims to:

explore the evolution of the discipline of international relations (IR) over the past century by examining our changing understandings of order in the modern world

consider the impact of major historical events on the evolution of IR, including the treaties of 1648, Europes imperial expansion, the First World War and the ongoing influence of globalisation

introduce you to a range of theoretical tools that will help you to analyse the behaviour of international actors and the nature of international systems

define and discuss some main concepts within the discipline, including war, peace, the state and power

critically assess challenges facing contemporary international society, including security, global governance and the rise of East Asian actors.

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Learning outcomesAt the end of the course, and having completed the Essential reading and activities, you should be able to:

describe the evolution of international relations as an academic discipline

explain the relevance of key terms in international relations

identify the strengths and weaknesses of IRs various theoretical approaches

analyse contemporary and historical international events from a variety of theoretical viewpoints.

The structure of this guideChapters in this subject guide follow a standard format. Each begins by listing its intended Aims and Learning outcomes. Read these carefully. Since international relations (IR) is too big a subject to cover in a single course, every chapter of this guide covers a very broad range of topics. The Aims and Learning outcomes will help you to focus on the most important parts of each lesson. After these, you will find a summary of the chapters Essential reading. It is recommended that you do these readings when prompted by the Essential reading boxes in every chapter of this subject guide. Each Essential reading box includes a set of questions or activities designed to help you connect with the material, along with explanatory material before and afterwards. The vast majority of your Essential reading will be in the textbook for this course: Baylis, Smith and Owens The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations (see Essential reading below), with a few selected journal articles that you will be able to access via the Online Library in the Student Portal (see Overview of learning resources below). Unless otherwise stated, all reading for the activities is taken from this textbook. Each chapter will also include a list of Further reading taken mainly from scholarly articles that address specific points raised in this subject guide. You can read one or more of these once you have worked your way through an entire chapter, including its Essential readings and Activities. The Further readings will give you additional sources from which to draw as you prepare essays and examination questions. You are not expected to do all of them, so make strategic choices about which will be the most useful when considering a key IR question.

Throughout this subject guide, you will find key terms highlighted in bold and listed in the Chapter vocabulary section at the end of each chapter. Note down these terms in a glossary and keep track of their definitions throughout the course. Many terms used in IR are heavily contested. That is to say, there is no single agreed-upon definition that you can memorise and apply every time a word is used. You have two ready-made sources from which to draw your definitions: your textbook and Griffith, OCallaghan and Roachs dictionary of IR concepts (see Essential reading below). One purpose of your glossary is to keep track of how the meaning of a term changes as you become more familiar with the subject, so note down competing definitions and think about their strengths and weaknesses. Language is a powerful tool in IR and it is worth investing your time in understanding the multiple meanings of terms and concepts.


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Every chapter in this subject guide includes several Activities designed to help you think through important ideas in international relations. These Activities should be completed as you work your way through each chapter. Every chapter concludes with a set of Test your knowledge and understanding questions. Try to answer each of these in a short essay of between 500 and 1,000 words. Your answers can be shared with peers and an academic moderator on the VLE, where the questions will also form the basis for a set of podcasts and discussions.

Overview of learning resources

The subject guide Part 1 of this subject guide provides a brief overview of how IR first came into being as an academic subject and its roots in political philosophy. One of the first things that you will notice is that IR is a relatively new subject only about 100 years old. That said, many of the questions that it tries to deal with are much older. IR therefore draws on much older ideas about human nature, society and power. Analysing international relations therefore requires more than a knowledge of current events, it also requires an understanding of history and some familiarity with important ideas about how the world works and why humans act the way we do.

Part 2 provides a thumbnail sketch of the history of contemporary IR, including the development of important concepts such as the state, war and human rights. Its chapters focus on key episodes in international history: developments in international society from around 1500 to 1914 (Chapter 2); the so-called short 20th century that spanned the years between 1914 and 1991 (Chapter 3); the world that emerged from the Cold War after 1991 (Chapter 4); and the rising tide of globalisation that stretches back at least as far as Europes overseas imperial expansion after 1500 (Chapter 5). Part 2 plays a double role: contextualising the ever-changing world of IR, and providing you with a set of historical cases that you can use to support your later analyses.

In Part 3 we go theoretical by examining key IR theories. Dont be intimidated! Theories are just simplifying devices that we use in IR to draw general conclusions from a limited number of examples. Different theories answer different kinds of questions and emphasise different aspects of the world. This course will not waste your time arguing that any one theory is absolutely correct. Just as different problems around your house require different tools, different questions in international relations require different theories. Relying on one theory to the exclusion of all others is rather like a plumber arriving to fix a problem at your house armed only with a hammer! Chapter 6 looks at the English School a broad approach to international relations that embraces the idea of an international society and the importance of history. Chapter 7 looks at what used to be the dominant theory of international relations: Liberalism. This focuses on ways in which we can manage international conflict and cooperation in a highly interdependent world. Chapter 8 discusses Realism, which focuses on why conflicts persist in international affairs. This single-minded focus has led to a compelling model of international behaviour, but one that ignores many aspects of IR that are not concerned with conflict and war. Chapter 9 introduces Marxist theories of international relations. Marxism focuses on the relationship between economic and political power, opening the way for new types of analysis that neither Liberalism nor Realism can achieve. Chapter 10 looks at Constructivism and gender theory, two newer theories of IR which focus on aspects of IR that mainstream

Introduction

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models like the English School, Realism, Liberalism and Marxism tend to ignore. Finally, Chapter 11 introduces international political economy, a relatively new sub-discipline of international relations that focuses on the relationship between politics and economics and includes but is not limited to ideas introduced by Marxism.

Part 4 looks at some of the key global concepts in international relations: the state, war, peace, power, global governance and new definitions of security. Each of these concepts has been central to the history of IR and continues to have a very real impact on current events around the globe. Chapters 12 to 15 will look at the state, war, peace and power in turn by tracing their historical development, defining them in the modern world and considering their impact on the world in which we live. Chapter 16 considers the best ways to manage the increasingly complex network of local, regional and global relationships that define modern IR. Chapter 17 turns to the new security threats facing international society, moving beyond state security to think about instability stemming from climate change, disease, energy insecurity and demographics.

Part 5 concludes this course by asking you to use your newfound skills to analyse IR literature, a set of ongoing territorial disputes and the overall order of international society. Chapter 18 features an essay by Professor Michael Cox, in which he argues that Chinas rising power faces several constraints that may limit its rise as a great power. Chapter 19 asks you to analyse territorial disputes in the East and South China seas and recommend policy directions to manage the regions Hobbesian form of anarchy. Chapter 20 concludes the course by reflecting on the various types of order that coexist in international society from Realist polarity to Liberal interdependence and beyond.

Essential reading The textbook for IR1011 Introduction to international relations can be purchased using the following bibliographical information:

Baylis, J., S. Smith and P. Owens The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014) sixth edition [ISBN 9780199656172]. (Hereafter BSO.)

As you work your way through the next 20 chapters, you will be prompted to read specific sections from this textbook. Unless otherwise stated, all Essential readings for this guide come from the textbook. All of the page numbers listed in the Essential reading boxes in this guide refer to the edition of the textbook listed above. A new edition may have been published by the time you study this course. You can use a more recent edition of the book by using the detailed chapter and section headings and the index to identify relevant readings. Also check the VLE regularly for updated guidance on using new editions.

You can deepen your understanding of specific themes and concepts by accessing the following book via the IR1011 Introduction to international relations page on the virtual learning environment (VLE):

Griffiths, M., T. OCallaghan and S.C. Roach International relations: the key concepts. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007) second edition [ISBN 9780415774376]. (Hereafter GCR.)

Any Essential readings that cannot be found in your textbook will be available either in the Online Library (OL), the courses VLE page or online. These include:

Galtung, Johan Violence, peace and peace research, Journal of Peace Research 6(3) 1969, pp.16691. (OL)


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Hirst, Paul The eighty years crisis, 19191999 power, Review of International Studies 24(5) 1998, pp. 13348. (OL)

Hobbes, Thomas, and Edwin Curley Leviathan: with selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668. Vol. 8348. (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994) [ISBN 9780872201774] Chapter XIII. Available at: https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu /xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/748/leviathan.pdf?sequence=1

Human Security Report Project Human Security Report 2009/2010: the causes of peace and the shrinking costs of war. (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) [ISBN 9780199860814]. www.hsrgroup.org/docs/Publications/HSR20092010/20092010HumanSecurityReport-CoverPage.pdf

Human Security Report Project Human Security Report 2013 The decline in global violence: evidence, explanation and contestation (Vancouver: Human Security Press, 2013) [ISBN 9780991711116].

Medcalfe, R. and R. Heinrichs Crisis and confidence: major powers and maritime security in Indo-Pacific Asia. (Double Bay, Australia: The Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2011) [ISBN 9780987057051]. www.lowyinstitute.org/files/pubfiles/Medcalf_and_Heinrichs%2C_Crisis_and_confidence-revised.pdf

Xiang, L. China and the Pivot, Survival 54(5) OctoberNovember 2012, pp.11328. (OL)

Further reading Please note that you are not required to read all of these sources. Once you complete your Essential readings, feel free to use these sources to justify your claims and deepen your understanding of a given IR topic. To help you read extensively, you have free access to the VLE and University of London Online Library (see below).

General overview Brown, C. and K. Ainley Understanding international relations. (London:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) fourth edition [ISBN 9780230213111]. A concise, if somewhat advanced, text, focusing on the relationship between international relations theories and 20th-century events.

Burchill, S., A. Linklater, R. Devetak et al. Theories of international relations. (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009) fourth edition [ISBN 9780230219236]. An edited volume with individual chapters that deal with the major theoretical approaches to the study of international relations.

Cox, M. and D. Stokes (eds) US foreign policy. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) second edition [ISBN 9780199585816]. An edited volume with chapters by leading thinkers in the field, covering all aspects of US foreign policy, including its relationships with the different regions of the world.

Dunne, T., M. Cox and K. Booth (eds) The eighty years crisis: international relations 19191999. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) [ISBN 9780521667838]. A comprehensive edited volume examining the influence of 20th-century events on the development of IR.

Halliday, F. Rethinking international relations. (London: MacMillan, 1994) [ISBN 9780333589052]. A concise, well-written and thought-provoking introduction to the study of IR, covering a broad range of approaches, debates and historical events.

Books Angel, N. The great illusion: a study of the relation of military power to national

advantage. (London: Obscure Books, 2006) [ISBN 9781846645419].Abdollohian M., C. Alsharabati, B. Efird et al. Power transitions: strategies

for the 21st century. (Chatham House: Seven Bridges Press, 2000) [ISBN 9781889119434].

https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu /xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/748/leviathan.pdf?sequence=1https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu /xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/748/leviathan.pdf?sequence=1https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu /xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/748/leviathan.pdf?sequence=1http://www.hsrgroup.org/docs/Publications/HSR20092010/20092010HumanSecurityReport-CoverPage.pdfhttp://www.hsrgroup.org/docs/Publications/HSR20092010/20092010HumanSecurityReport-CoverPage.pdfhttp://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/pubfiles/Medcalf_and_Heinrichs%2C_Crisis_and_confidence-revised.pdfhttp://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/pubfiles/Medcalf_and_Heinrichs%2C_Crisis_and_confidence-revised.pdfhttp://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/pubfiles/Medcalf_and_Heinrichs%2C_Crisis_and_confidence-revised.pdf

Introduction

7

Beeson, M. and N. Bisley Issues in 21st century world politics. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) [ISBN 9780230594524].

Booth, K. T. Dunne and M. Cox How might we live? Global ethics in the new century. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) [ISBN 9780521005203].

Brown, C, T. Nardin and N. Rengger International relations in political thought: texts from the ancient Greeks to the First World War. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) [ISBN 9780521575706].

Bull, H. The anarchical society. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) third edition [ISBN 9780333985878].

Butler, S. War is a racket. (Port Townsend, USA: Feral Publishing, 2003) [ISBN 9780922915866].

Buzan, B. From international to world society? English School theory and the social structure of globalisation. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010) [ISBN 9780521541213].

Buzan, B. and A. Gonzalez-Pelaez International society and the Middle East: English School theory at the regional level. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) [ISBN 97802030537644].

Buzan, B. and R. Little International systems in world history. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) [ISBN 9780198780656].

Campbell, D. Writing security: United States foreign policy and the politics of identity. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998) [ISBN 9780816631445].

Carr, E.H. The twenty years crisis. Edited by M. Cox. (New York: Palgrave, 2001) [ISBN 9780333963777].

Chomsky, N. The new military humanism: lessons from Kosovo. (London: Pluto Press, 1999) [ISBN 9780745316338].

Clark, I. Legitimacy in international society. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) [ISBN 9780199219193].

Cox, M., K. Booth and T. Dunne The interregnum: controversies in world politics 19891999. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) [ISBN 9780521785099]. Note: this is the book form of a special issue of the Review of International Studies 25(5) 1999.

Cox, M., T. Dunne and K. Booth Empires, systems and states: great transformations in international politics. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) [ISBN 9780521016865]. Note: this is the book form of a special issue of the Review of International Studies 27(5) 2001.

Darwin, J. Tamerlane: the global history of empire. (London: Penguin Books, 2007) [ISBN 9781596913936].

Donnelly, J. Realism and international relations. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) [ISBN 9780521597524].

Doyle, M. Liberal peace: selected essays. (London: Routledge, 2012) [ISBN 9780415781756].

Dunne, T. and T. Flockhart (eds) Liberal world orders. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013) [ISBN 9780197265529].

Dunne, T., M. Kurki and S. Smith (eds) International relations theories: discipline and diversity. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) second edition [ISBN 9780199548866].

Falkner, R. Business power and conflict in international environmental politics. (London: Palgrave, 2008) [ISBN 9780230572522].

Flint, C. Introduction to geopolitics. (London: Routledge, 2011) second edition [ISBN 9780415667739].

Frieden, J., D. Lake and L. Broz (eds) International political economy: perspectives on global power and wealth. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2010) fifth edition [ISBN 9780415222792].

Friedman, T. The world is flat: a brief history of the twenty-first century. (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 2005) [ISBN 9780374292881].


8

Gaddis, J. The long peace: inquiries into the history of the Cold War. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) [ISBN 9780195043358].

Gellner, E. Plough, book and sword: the structure of human history. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988) [ISBN 9780226287027].

Griffiths, M. Rethinking international relations theory. (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011) [ISBN 9780230217799].

Halliday, F. The Middle East in international relations: power, politics and ideology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) [ISBN 9780521597418].

Held, D. and A. McGrew Globalization theory: approaches and controversies. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007) [ISBN 9780745632117].

Held, D. Cosmopolitanism: ideals and realities. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010) [ISBN 9780745648361].

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Hobsbawm, E. On history. (London: Abacus Books, 1997) [ISBN 9780349110509].

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Holsti, K. Taming the sovereigns: institutional change in international politics. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) [ISBN 9780521834032].

Huntington, S. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of the world order. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002) Reissue edition [ISBN 9780743231497].

Ikenberry, G.J. After victory: institutions, strategic restraint, and the rebuilding of order after major wars. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000) [ISBN 9780691050911].

Jackson, R. and G. Sorensen Introduction to international relations: theories and approaches. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) third edition [ISBN 9780199285433].

Kagan, D. On the origins of war and the preservation of peace. (New York: First Anchor Books, 1995) [ISBN 9780385423755].

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Lenin, V.I. Imperialism: the highest stage of capitalism. (New York: International Publishers, 1969) Reprint edition [ISBN 9780717800988].

Linklater, A. and H. Suganami The English School of international relations: a contemporary reassessment. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) [ISBN 9780521675048].

Luard, E. War in international society. (London: I.B. Tauris, 1987) [ISBN 9781850430124].

Introduction

9

Mackinder, H.J. Democratic ideals and reality. Edited by S. Mladineo. (London: Constable Publishers, 1942.

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Marx, K. and F. Engels The Communist manifesto. (Radford, VA: Wilder Publications, 2007) Reprint edition [ISBN 9781934451632].

McNeill, W.H. The rise of the West: a history of the human community. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992) [ISBN 9780226561417].

Morgenthau, H. Politics among nations. (London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2006) 7th edition [ISBN 9780072895391].

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Strange, S. States and markets. (London: Pinter, 1988) [ISBN 9780861879922].Swain, G. and N. Swain Eastern Europe since 1945. (London: Macmillan, 1993)

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Available at: www.unaids.org/globalreport/Global_report.htm [accessed 20 March 2016].

Van Ham, P. Social power in international politics. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010) [ISBN 9780415564229].

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Wallerstein, I. World systems theory: an introduction. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007) fifth edition [ISBN 9780822334422].

Walt, S.M. Revolution and war. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996) [ISBN 9780801482977].

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Waltzer, M. Just and unjust wars: a moral argument with historical illustrations. (London: Basic Books, 2006) [ISBN 9780465037070].

Westad, O.A. The global Cold War: third world interventions and the making of our time. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) [ISBN 9780521703147].

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Baldwin, D. Power analysis and world politics, World Politics 31(2) 1979, pp.16194.

Bellamy, A.J. Is the war on terror just?, International Relations 19(5) 2005, pp.27596.

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