Introduction to Information Technology Chapter 1 Concept of Information Technology.
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Transcript of Introduction to Information Technology Chapter 1 Concept of Information Technology.
Introduction to Information Technology
Chapter 1
Concept of Information Technology
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Information Technology Information Technology (IT) entails all aspects of managing and processing
information. Information Technology includes any and all hardware, software, and data used to create, store, process, and communicate information electronically as well as services that are utilized to maintain operations of resources.
Purpose of Information Technology
There are many purposes of IT. IT is used - To improve operations of any organization/individual by utilizing technology as the
underling tool to improve the processing and dissemination of information. in helping organizations achieve profitable results and keep competitive forces in
check. in optimizing effectiveness and efficiency of processes within the industry it is used,
whether education, business, science etc. to solve problems.
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Functions of Information Technology Provide supporting information to assist managers in making strategic
decisions Provide effective communication Allows the effective Management of Information – capturing, generation,
storage, retrieval and transmission of information
Benefits of Information Technology Speed: The processing of transactions is carried out at high speeds. The ability
of computers to perform information processing in fractions of a second primarily facilitates high processing speed. For example computers are able to perform complex mathematical calculation within milliseconds.
Consistency: Once a computer has been given the correct instructions to execute a specific command, that command will be executed consistently without variation each time. For example the addition of the two numbers one (1) and five (5) will result in the answer six (6) each time the addition is carried out..
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Contd…..
Storage: A computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory process it and then store it again for future use.
Reliability: Computer systems provide reliability by ensuring consistency, speed and precision in the execution of tasks. Additionally, computers can carry out human related tasks with greater efficiency and minimized error.
Communications: Most Computers today can communicate with other computers without wires.
Application of Information Technology المعلومات تقنية تطبيق Tourism Industry السياحة صناعة Educationتعليم Edutainment Entertainment Business Science Architecture معمارية .Personal computing etc هندسة
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Computer
It is an Electronics Device which performs Arithmetic's and Logical operations.
A machine that accepts input (raw data), processes that input, and produces output (information).
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1.2 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers
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Supercomputers Fastest computer Can cost one million to 350
million dollars looks like rows of refrigerator-
size boxes Consists of thousands of
processors and can carry out several trillion calculations per second.
Used for computer simulations tracking hurricanes, biological
contamination, or understanding ocean currents.
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Mainframes Small mainframes (mid-size computers or minicomputers). 5,000 to 5 million dollars Used in large organizations – banks, airlines, insurance companies,
colleges. Processes billions of instructions per second. Often used with a terminal.
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Workstations
usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations and for computer-aided design
Example: designing airplanes, special effects in movies
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Microcomputer Personal Computer (PC)
Tower PC Desktop PC Laptop / Notebook Personal digital assistants
(PDAs), also called handheld computers or palmtops
Mac While a Mac is a PC, most
people relate the term, PC, with systems that run the Windows operating system.
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Other types of microcomputers.
Laptop computer
Personal Digital Assistant
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ServersThe word “server” refers to how a computer is used.Server - a central computer that holds collections of data & programs for clients
Clients - PCs, workstations, & other devices attached to a server
Server + Clients linked together form a client/server network
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Units of SizeUnit Abbreviation Size (bytes)
bit b 1/8
byte B 1
kilobyte KB 210 = 1024
megabyte MB 220 = 1,048,576
gigabyte GB 230 = 1,073,741,824
terabyte TB 240 = 1,099,511,627,776
petabyte PB 250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624
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Computers consist of hardware and software..
Hardware All the machinery and equipment in a computer system Tangible
Software All the instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task Intangible
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All computers follow the same five basic operations..
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
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Input
Keyboard
Mouse
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Processing- Manipulating data into information
Case or system cabinet the box that houses
the processor chip
(CPU – Central Processing Unit) memory chips (RAM) motherboard with power supply secondary storage devices video card Etc. …..
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Motherboard
Motherboard - the main circuit board in the computer.
Everything else attaches to the motherboard through connections called ports.
Expansion slots - “plugs” on the motherboard for expanding the PC’s capabilities via additional circuit boards.
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Processing
Processor chip A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature
electronic circuits.
Front Back
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Storage
Primary storage Computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting
to be processed and after it has been processed
Also called: Memory or primary memory : location of data on
which computation is performed. It is two type - RAM – Random Access Memory : It is volatile
memory (Temporary storage) ROM – Read Only Memory : It is non-volatile
memory
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RAM
Memory chips
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Secondary storage
The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently
Also simply called: Storage
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Storage capacity is measured in:
1 byte - 1 character is represented using 1 byte.= 8 bits (a bit is a 0 or a 1)
1 kilobyte - 1,024 characters.= 210 bytes (approx. 103 bytes)
1 megabyte - 1,048,576 characters.= 220 bytes (approx. 106 bytes)
1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters.= 230 bytes (approx. 109 bytes)
1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters.= 240 bytes (approx. 1012 bytes)
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Storage
Zip disk
Floppy disk
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Storage
Hard-disk drive
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Storage
CD drive
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Storage
Flash Memory Sticks
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Output
Speakers
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Speaker output requires a sound card.
Sound card
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Output
Monitor
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A video card controls the video display of your monitor.
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Output
Printer
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Communications
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Put all the hardware together and…
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You still need the software!
System software
Helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the application software to run
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You still need the software!
Application software
Enables you to perform specific tasks--solve problems, perform work, or entertain yourself
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Concept of Data
The purpose of a computer is to process data into information.
Data The raw facts and figures that are processed into information.
Information• The Processed Data is known as Information.• Data that has been summarized or otherwise manipulated for
use in decision making.
Record : Collection Data is known as Record.
File : Collection of record to store at a place is known as file.
Knowledge : Knowledge is the appropriate collection of information, such that it's intent is to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. When someone "memorizes" information, then they have collective knowledge. This knowledge has useful meaning to them.
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Characteristics of information المعلومات خصائص
1. Accurate, clear, timely, complete yet concise
2. receiver has confidence in it
3. appropriate channel, given to right person, should not be excessive
4. cost effective
5. must have a purpose, relevant for the purpose (user related)
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Operating System An operating system (O/S), affects the control and
performance of a computer system. Controls hardware. Tells computer what to do and how
to do it. Provides the user interface between user and computer
hardware (h/w). The operating system is a set of programs residing in
main memory (RAM) which directs all computer operations.
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Functions of Operating system Control/Co-ordinate/configure the various devices. (i.e. To Make sure that
fast devices do not have to wait for slow ones and that the computer as a whole works efficiently).
Control the allocation and utilisation of shared resources (e.g. CPU time, storage space, I/O devices).
Start up or boot up the computer. Protect the hardware and software from improper use. Maintain system
integrity. Deal with errors. Keep records/statistics of programs run - date, time, cost, use of resources
etc. (Monitor performance) Send and receive messages Provide for the management, scheduling and interaction of tasks. Administer security Control a network Establish an internet connection Provide file management and other utilities
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Software It is a program ie. Set of instructions which drive the hardware. Collection of machine interpretable instructions that define the
activities related to performing a specific task by computer. (i.e. tell computer what to do).
Types of Software
The software's are two types –
System Software - System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices
Application software - Application software are defined to fulfil a specific set of activities. E.g. Accounting, banking, Hospital, University etc.
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Thank you
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Concept Check
What are the five sizes of computers from largest to smallest?
Supercomputer, mainframe, workstation, microcomputer, microcontroller
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Concept Check
What is the term for a computer used to hold collections of data and programs for connecting PCs, workstations, and other devices?
Server
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Concept Check
What are the five basic operations that computers have in common?
Input, processing, storage, output, and communications
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Concept Check
Which type of storage is composed of computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed?
Primary storage (memory)
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Concept Check
What computer device consists of electronic circuitry that executes instructions to process data?
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
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Concept Check
Are RAM chips used for primary or secondary storage?
Primary - they’re also called memory chips.
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Concept Check
What is the name of the main circuit board in the computer, to which everything else is attached via connections called ports?
Motherboard
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Concept Check
How many characters can be represented by a byte? A kilobyte?
A byte represents a single character; 1, 024 characters make a kilobyte
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Concept Check
What is the name for the unit of storage capacity representing one billion characters?
One gigabyte
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Concept Check
What is the name for any component or piece of equipment that expands a computer’s input, storage, and/or output capabilities? A zip-disk drive is an example of this type of component.
Peripheral device
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Concept Check
What type of software includes the operating system and the master control program that runs the computer?
System software
