Introduction to Information Organization

Introduction to Introduction to Information OrganizationInformation Organization

A bibliographic record typically A bibliographic record typically provides:provides:

A description of the item

1. Title, edition, publication data, physical description, series

and notes

2. Access points in the form of headings for main and added

entries and headings for subjects

3. Call numbers

Bibliographic description is based on an internationally agreed standard (ISBD)

Bibliographic RecordBibliographic Record

The description of an item of

recorded information, which

includes all the data necessary

to uniquely identify it, together

with access points. For records

entered into an online catalog,

the MARC format is generally

used.

Every element of the bibliographic record supports the user tasks of the catalog

The Bib Record used for:The Bib Record used for:

• Find

• Identify

• Select

• Acquire

• Navigate

Description and AccessDescription and Access

Access Points(Used to identify and collocate an item)

• Uncontrolled• Title proper• Place of publication• Year

• Controlled• Names

• Personal• Corporate• Conference• Geographic

• Uniform titles• Topical terms

Bibliographic Description

(Used to uniquely identify an item)

1. Title and statement of

responsibility

2. Edition

3. Material of physical medium

4. Publication and

manufacturing

5. Physical description

6. Series

7. Notes of useful information

8. Standard numbers

What is MARC ?What is MARC ?

A MARC is a MAchine Readable Cataloguing.

It means that a computer can read and interpret the data of a

cataloguing record.

It is a standard used for the exchange of bibliographic

information among computerized information institutions

systems.

Why is it Necessary ?Why is it Necessary ?

The purpose of MARC is to provide a standard format for the

global exchange of bibliographic information available in

machine readable format in the information institutions

worldwide.

History of MARCHistory of MARCLibrary of Congress, Washington, DC was the first to produce

MARC records in October 1966.

The British Library, UK in 1969 started with the UKMARC.

Similar initiatives were taken up by the national Libraries of

France, Germany, Canada and Australia and they devised

separate MARC formats.

According to a survey report conducted by IFLA in 1990,

there were 60 countries worldwide using bibliographic

formats based on MARC e.g. CANMARC (Canada),

AUSMARC (Australia), UKMARC (Great Britain),

INTERMARC (France), etc.

MARC 21MARC 21

MARC 21 is the new name of the harmonized CANMARC

and USMARC formats.

The National Library of Canada and Library of Congress

worked together to formulate a common harmonized format

and reconcile the format differences.

FAMILIAR TERMSFAMILIAR TERMS

1. Fields

2. Subfields

3. Indicators

4. Content Designators

A Field :

The bibliographic data of a catalogued item has been divided

logically into fields.

We have a field for an author, a field for the title, a field for

the publication, etc.

These fields are further subdivided into subfields which

contains the related piece of data of the field.

There is a need to use the nemonics for a particular field,

since the textual names of the fields are too long to be

reproduced in the MARC Record.

These respective fields are represented by a 3 digit code called

“tags” which are unique. No two fields can have the same tag

code.

A tag is always a 3 digit code, example:

tag 100 represents a personal name main entry

tag 020 represents ISBN field.

A Subfield :

A Field is subdivided into subfields. Each type of data

within the field is called a subfield and each subfield is preceded

by a subfield code.

The subfield code is essential as it allows the better

identification and not arrangement. The order of the subfield is

specified by content standards , for example cataloguing rules.

The subfield codes are one lower-case letter preceded by a

delimiter and defined independently of each field. The delimiter

as the name indicates, “delimits” one data element form

another.

The different subfield delimiters that are being used are : @,

#, $ etc.

For example the field 300 in the MARC format includes:

$a for the extent

$b for other physical details

$c for dimension.

Here a, b, c are the subfield codes and $ is the delimiter which is

being used.

Indicators :

The indicators are the two spaces which is a number

from 0 to 9.

There are only two indicators in a field and not all the

field have indicators.

Content Designators :

A content designators is a collective term used refer to

the tags, subfields codes and indicators

Field StructureField Structure

Fixed Fields

Variable Fields

Fixed Fields

The length of the fields are restricted

It is 40 characters contains important information

Variable Fields

Begin with “tag”

2 indicator positions

Subfields ($a, $b, $c, etc.)

Length of information varies

USMARC TerminologyUSMARC Terminology Each authority MARC record is divided into fields. There is a Each authority MARC record is divided into fields. There is a field for the heading being authorized, a field for each cross reference and so on. Each field is field for the heading being authorized, a field for each cross reference and so on. Each field is marked by a 3 digit tag, which identifies the kind of data that follows it. marked by a 3 digit tag, which identifies the kind of data that follows it.

Tag A 3 digit code that identifies certain elements of a record

Field A field is the contents of a tag that act as signposts that point to the bibliographic data.

Subfield A distinct piece of data within a field that is preceded with a subfield code. Subfields index just part of a field.

Delimiter A special character that precedes a subfield. The "$" is a representation of a subfield delimiter, which alerts the computer that what follows is a new subfield

Indicators These occur between the tag and the delimiter, they may appear in the 2 positions that follow each tag and convey information about that tag. The key word here is may appear.

Fixed field This contains certain specific elements, which are represented by codes which are ‘fixed’ in length – eg. Date. These ‘Fixed fields’ appear at the top of the record.

Variable fields These fields are identified by a three character numeric tag. Certain tags are required in every record and others are optional. The mixture of these tags in any record reflects the information being recorded. This mixture makes up the bibliographic record. This is the larger portion of data below the fixed fields.

MARC terms and their placement on a bibliographic MARC terms and their placement on a bibliographic record:record:

Tag

Indicators

Fixed field

elements

Variable fields

Subfield code Subfield delimiter $

Field Tag GroupsField Tag Groups

There are some general rules that help define what the numbers used as field There are some general rules that help define what the numbers used as field tags mean. Some tags are more frequently used than others. In the MARC tags mean. Some tags are more frequently used than others. In the MARC Authority standard, certain tags are used over and over while others appear Authority standard, certain tags are used over and over while others appear less often. The basic divisions of the MARC authority record are:less often. The basic divisions of the MARC authority record are:

0XX Control fields Information, numbers, codes1XX Main Entry Headings2XX Title, Variant Title, Imprint (publishing

information), Edition3XX Physical Description4XX Series5XX Notes6XX Subject Added Entries (subject headings)7XX Added Entries (linking entries)8XX Series Added Entries (traced differently)9XX Local Use Fields

Access PointsAccess Points

Access Points (a main entry, subject added entries and other Access Points (a main entry, subject added entries and other

added entries) are an important part of the bibliographic added entries) are an important part of the bibliographic

record. These are the headings for which separate cards record. These are the headings for which separate cards

were created for the traditional card catalog and which a were created for the traditional card catalog and which a

patron or librarian can search in an online catalog. Most of patron or librarian can search in an online catalog. Most of

the access points are in the following tag groups:the access points are in the following tag groups:

1XX Main entries

2XX Title statement

4XX Series statements

6XX Subject Headings

7XX Added entries other than subject or series

8XX Series added entries

Common MARC tagsCommon MARC tags

020 ISBN

050/090 LCC call number

082/092 DDC call number

100 Main entry-personal name

245 Title & statement of responsibility

260 Imprint

300 Physical description

440 Series statement (traced)

500 General note

504 Bibliography, etc. note

505 Formatted contents note

650 Topical subject heading

651 Geographic subject heading

700 Added entry-personal name

Catalog card similar to OPAC Catalog card similar to OPAC displaydisplay

Long View

OPAC display derived from MARC OPAC display derived from MARC recordrecord

Staff View

MARC Formats MARC Formats (Bibliographic)(Bibliographic)

Bibliographic Record

MARC Formats (Holdings)MARC Formats (Holdings)

Holdings Record

MARC Formats (Authority MARC Formats (Authority 1)1)

Authority Record

MARC Formats (Authority 2)MARC Formats (Authority 2)

Authority record with many name variants

Reading a MARC recordReading a MARC record

Not from top left to bottom right … but from the center out.

MARC ElementsMARC Elements

245 14 ‡a The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history / ‡c Robert Darnton.

250 ## ‡a 1st Vintage Books ed.

260 ## ‡a New York : ‡b Vintage Books, ‡c 1985.

300 ## ‡a xiii, 298 p. : ‡b ill. ; ‡c 21 cm.

504 ## ‡a Includes bibliographical references and index.

FIELD TAG INDICATOR DELIMITER SUBFIELD CODE

Zeroing in on ISBD description fields

Title and statement of Title and statement of responsibilityresponsibility 100 1# ‡a Darnton, Robert. 245 14 ‡a The great cat massacre and other episodes in French

cultural history / ‡c Robert Darnton.

100 1# ‡a Darnton, Robert. 240 10 ‡a Great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural

history. ‡l French 245 13 ‡a La massacre de chats : ‡b attitudes et croyances dans

l’ancienne France / ‡c Robert Darnton ; traduit de l’américain par Marie-Allyx Revellat.

. . . 700 1# ‡a Revellat, Marie-Allyx, ‡e tr.

100 1# ‡a Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, ‡d 1547-1616. 240 10 ‡a Coloquio de los perros. ‡l English & Spanish 245 14 ‡a The dialogue of the dogs = ‡b El coloquio de los perros /

‡c Miguel de Cervantes ; translated by William Rowlandson.


Examples of field 245 (ISBD area 1) with personal name and uniform title.

Note fieldsNote fields 500 ## ‡a Includes index.

502 ## ‡a Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 2008.

504 ## ‡a Bibliography: p. 246-287.

505 00 ‡t Europe -- ‡t Asia -- ‡t North America -- ‡t South America.

510 4# ‡a ESTC ‡c R211806

520 ## ‡a An illustrated collection of poems set to music.

546 ## ‡a Parallel text in French and English.


Examples of fields 5XX (ISBD area 7).

Review (1)Review (1) 100 1# ‡a Darnton, Robert.

245 14 ‡a The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history / ‡c Robert Darnton.

250 ## ‡a 1st Vintage Books ed.

260 ## ‡a New York : ‡b Vintage Books, ‡c 1985.

300 ## ‡a xiii, 298 p. : ‡b ill. ; ‡c 21 cm.

504 ## ‡a Includes bibliographical references and index.

650 #0 ‡a [Topical subject heading not yet covered]


Description fields 245-5XX with field 100 main entry.

Review (2)Review (2)

Title proper = Parallel title : other title information / first statement of responsibility ; each subsequent statement of responsibility. -- Edition statement / first statement of responsibility relating to the edition. -- First place of publication, etc. : First publisher, etc, date of publication, etc. -- Extent of item : other physical details ; dimensions. -- (Title proper of series / statement of responsibility relating to series) -- Note(s). -- Standard number.Second level description [modified]: AACR2, 1.0D2.

ISBD description areas written out in card catalog form.

Review (2)Review (2)020 ## ‡a 13-digit ISBN245 XX ‡a Title = ‡b Parallel title : other title information / ‡c first statement of responsibility ; each subsequent statement of responsibility.250 ## ‡a Edition statement / ‡b first statement of responsibility relating to the edition.260 ## ‡a First place of publication, etc. : ‡b First publisher, etc, ‡c date of publication, etc.300 ## ‡a Extent of item : ‡b other physical details ; ‡c dimensions.490 0# ‡a Title proper of series / statement of responsibility relating to series ; ‡v series vol. no.500 ## ‡a Note(s).

ISBD description areas written out and coded in MARC format.

QuizQuiz XXX 1# ‡a Travers, P. L. ‡q (Pamela Lyndon), ‡d 1899-1996. XXX 10 ‡a Mary Poppins from A to Z. ‡l Latin XXX 10 ‡a Maria Poppina ab A ad Z / ‡c scripta a P.L. Travers ;

picturas delineavit Mary Shepard ; latine reddidit G.M. Lyne XXX ## ‡a London : ‡b Collins ; ‡c 1968 cm. XXX ## ‡a [56] p. : ‡b ill. ; ‡c 20 cm. XXX ## ‡a Features twenty-six vignettes, one for each letter

of the alphabet, starring Mary Poppins and other characters from the Mary Poppins novels.

XXX ## ‡a Latin translation of: Mary Poppins from A to Z.

Identify the correct TAG for each field in the record.

Hints: 240 546 500 300 260 100 245


Tags should look like this …Tags should look like this …100 1# ‡a Travers, P. L. ‡q (Pamela Lyndon), ‡d 1899-

1996.240 10 ‡a Mary Poppins from A to Z. ‡l Latin245 10 ‡a Maria Poppina ab A ad Z / ‡c scripta a P.L.

Travers ; picturas delineavit Mary Shepard ; latine reddidit G.M. Lyne

260 ## ‡a London : ‡b Collins ; ‡c 1968 cm.300 ## ‡a [56] p. : ‡b ill. ; ‡c 20 cm.500 ## ‡a Features twenty-six vignettes, one for each

letter of the alphabet, starring Mary Poppins and other characters from the Mary Poppins novels.

546 ## ‡a Latin translation of: Mary Poppins from A to Z.


Controlled access pointsControlled access points

0XX Control information, numbers and codes 1XX Main entry 2XX Titles and title paragraph (title, edition, imprint) 3XX Physical description, etc. 4XX Series statements 5XX Notes 6XX Subject access fields 7XX Added entries other than subject or series; linking

fields 8XX Series added entries; location, and alternate graphics 9XX Reserved for local implementation

MARC bibliographic format blocksFields under authority control marked in red

Parallel contentParallel content

X00 Personal names X10 Corporate names X11 Meeting names X30 Uniform titles X40 Bibliographic titles X50 Topical terms X51 Geographic names

Parallel tag construction for fields requiring authority control

Parallel contentParallel content

X00 Personal names

X10 Corporate names

X11 Meeting names

X30 Uniform titles X40 Bibliographic

titles X50 Topical terms X51 Geographic

names

… published by St. Martin’s Press.

100 1# ‡a Barker, Stuart, ‡d 1970-

600 10 ‡a Knievel, Evel ‡d 1938-2007.

650 #0 ‡a Stunt cycling ‡z United States ‡v Biography.

710 2# ‡a St. Martin’s Press.

Parallel contentParallel content X00 Personal names X10 Corporate names X11 Meeting names X30 Uniform titles X40 Bibliographic titles X50 Topical terms X51 Geographic names

… about the person Evel Knievel …


600 10 ‡a Knievel, Evel ‡d 1938-2007.

Understanding MARC Bibliographic


… on the topic of stunt cycling in the United States …


600 10 ‡a Knievel, Evel ‡d 1938-2007.


Understanding MARC Bibliographic


… published by St. Martin’s Press.


600 10 ‡a Knievel, Evel ‡d 1938-2007.


710 2# ‡a St. Martin’s Press.

QuizQuiz XXX xx ‡a Rowling, J. K. [Author of: Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone]

XXX xx ‡a GrandPré, Mary. [Illustrator of: Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone]

XXX xx ‡a Bible. ‡p O.T. ‡p Haggai [Text of a book from the Bible]

XXX xx ‡a Bible. ‡p O.T. ‡p Haggai [Commentary on this text]

XXX xx ‡a Potter, Harry (Fictitious character)

XXX xx ‡a J. Harris and Son [Author of: Harris’ instructive and amusing publications]

Identify the correct TAG for each fieldHints: 110 100 630 700 650 130

Tags should look like this …Tags should look like this …

100 1# ‡a Rowling, J. K. [Author of: Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone]

700 1# ‡a GrandPré, Mary. [Illustrator of: Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone]

130 0# ‡a Bible. ‡p O.T. ‡p Haggai [Text of a book from the Bible]

630 00 ‡a Bible. ‡p O.T. ‡p Haggai [Commentary on this text]

650 #0 ‡a Potter, Harry (Fictitious character)

110 2# ‡a J. Harris and Son [Author of: Harris’ instructive and amusing publications]

Web resourcesWeb resources

1. Understanding MARC bibliographic1. http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/2. Clear and concise overview of (nearly) everything MARC.

2. Online Dictionary for Information Science1. http://lu.com/odlis/index.cfm2. A useful LIS dictionary with many examples and external links.

3. OCLC Bibliographic formats and standards1. http://www.oclc.org/bibformats/en/2. Essential reference for all catalogers.

4. Library of Congress. MARC standards1. http://www.loc.gov/marc/

Introduction to Information Organization

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