Introduction to Geothermal (PIKE) Sem Gasal 15-16

8/19/2019 Introduction to Geothermal (PIKE) Sem Gasal 15-16

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Exploration commonly begins with analysis of satellite images and aerial photographs

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK GEOLOGI, FTKE, USAKTI

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK GEOLOGI, FTKE, USAKTI

Dr. Ir. Fajar Hendrasto, Dip.Geoth.Tech., MT

email: [email protected][email protected]

Pengantar Kuliah PIKE

Geologi Geotermal

(18 September 2015)

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htm


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Heat flows outward from Earth's interior. The crust insulates us

from Earth's interior heat. The mantle is semi-molten, the outer

core is liquid and the inner core is solid

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld004.htm


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The deeper you go, the hotter it gets (in Celsius and kilometers)



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Kerak Bumi

Kerak bumi terdiri darikerak benua dan kerak samudera yang selalu bergerak karenaadanya arus konveksi padalapisan astenosfer dan mantelbagian atas.

Bukti pergerakannya adalahadanya gempabumi dan aktivitas

gunungapi.


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Susunan Kerak BumiKerak bumi kita terdiri dari lempeng benua dan lempeng samudera, yang tersusun seperti sebuah permainan puzzle raksasa


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Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that move apart or push together at

about the rate our fingernails grow. Convection of semi-molten rock in the

upper mantle helps drive plate tectonics



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PENYEBARAN GUNUNGAPI DI DUNIADAERAH JUMLAH PERSEN (%)

Lingkar Pasifik 512 61.8

Indonesia 129 15.6Benua Erasia 30 3.6

Afrika, Laut Merah 79 9.5

Lautan Pasifik 14 1.7

Lautan Atlantik 60 7.2

Lautan Hindia 5 0.6


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Halmahera Arc

EURASIAN PLATE

North Sulawesi Arc

Maluku

PACIPIC

PLATE

PHILIPPINEPLATE

INDIAN OCEAN - AUSTRALIAN PLATE

Trench Sistem SesarArah

Pergerakan

Gunungapi

aktif

KETERANGAN :


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Proses Lempeng Tektonik


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Geothermal nergy


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Geothermal FieldsOn the Ring of Fire

Prospect

Developed Fields

Geothermal FieldsOn the Ring of Fire

Prospect

Developed Fields

Elevated heat flow or heat source found in

volcanic regions along the “ring of fire”


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Installed geothermal generating capacity(December 2009) in MW

Gunung Salak 375

Kamojang 200

Darajat 260

Wayang Windu 227

Dieng 60

Lahendong 60

Sibayak 15.3

Total 1,197.30

Sumber: IGA


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2004 2008 2012 2016 2020

822MW

(produksi)

2000MW

3442MW

4600MW

6000MW

(target)

1142 MWExisting

WKP

1300 MW ?Existing

WKP+ NewWKP

1600 MW ?New WKP

1093 MWExisting

WKP

Geothermal Road-map by 2025Program Pemerintah

9000MW ?

(target)

2025

(Program Pemerintah , 2004)


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Installed Capacity

(MW)

Annual Energy

Produced (GWh)

% of National

Capacity

USA 2,544 17,840 0.3%

Philippines 1,931 9,419 12.7%

Indonesia 1058 7,877 2,96 %

Mexico 953 6,282 2.2%

Italy 790 5,340 1.0%

Top Five Geothermal Countries by InstalledCapacity (2005 & 2007)

Some Industry Statistics (2)

(Bertani, World Geothermal Congress, 2005 & PLN 2007 )


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Jumlah daerah panasbumi: 253

Total Potensi: 27.800 MWe Panasbumi non-vulkanik

Sumber : Badan Geologi (2004)


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ENERGI NASIONAL


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Geothermal xploration


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• Infiltrasi air hujan merupakan bahan dasar fluida panasbumi

• Sumber panas gunung vulkanik, permeabel reservoir dan

impermeabel lapisan penudung faktor sistim panasbumi

?

?

?

?

Impermeabel clay

alteration

Fumarole

Tutu

p

Air panas

Uap`

Uap

Sumber Panas

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htm


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Conceptual Model


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Sistem Panas Bumi

Temperatur (°C)• T Tinggi

• T Moderate

• T Rendah

• Direct Use

Fluida (Fraksi Air/ Uap)

• Air panas (uap 20-30%),

• 2-fasa (uap 70-80%),

• Uap (100% fraksi uap),

>220

150-220

130-150


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Kajian geologi menyelidiki sistem vulkanis, struktur geologi, umur

batuan, jenis dan tipe batuan ubahan dalam kaitannya dengan

sistem panas bumi

Pendataan kenampakan manifestasi geotermal (aktif ataupun non aktif)

Studi literatur, termasuk analisis foto udara, citra satelit, dll

Daerah yang menarik kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan kunjungan lapangan

Pemetaan : geologi regional, manifestasi termal dan membuat model awal

meliputi pemetaan geologi detil, termasuk pengecekan struktur hasil

interpretasi foto udara (penyebaran lithologi, struktur geologi,

pendataan manifestasi, pemetaan daerah alterasi)

Geothermal Explorat ion – Geological Mapp ing


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Surface Manifestation

(1) Features at ground surface where fluids discharge,

mainly

as single‐phase fluids

(e.g., hot springs, hot lakes and pools, fumaroles);

(2) Features resulting from fluid/rock interactions and

hydrothermal mineral deposition, also at ground

surface.

The term, in its widest sense, refers to both active and

inactive thermal features.

(Hochstein and Browne, 2000, Encyclopedia of Volcanoes)


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Model konseptual yang menunjukkan distribusi berbagai manifestasi

pada sistem panas bumi temperatur tinggi flat terrain

(Nicholson, 1993)


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Model konseptual yang menunjukkan distribusi berbagai manifestasi pada sistem

panas bumi temperatur tinggi high terrain

(Nicholson, 1993)


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Jenis-jenis Manifestasi Permukaan

• Danau Kawah Asam (Acid Crater Lake)

• Fumarol (Fumarols)

• Solfatara (Solfatar)

• Tanah Beruap (Steaming Ground)

• Tanah Hangat (Warm Ground)

• Boiling Springs (T >90oC), Hot Springs (T: 60‐90oC),

Warm Springs (T: 30‐60o

C), T


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Danau Kawah Asam (Acid Crater Lake)

Lokasi: Kawah Ijen, Jawa Timur

Fumarol

Lokasi: Kawah Wayang, Pangalengan, Jawa Barar

Solfatar

Solfatar dan tambang

Sulfur di Kawah Ijen,

Jawa Timur

Steam Vent, Soffioni, Moffete and Kaipohan

Lokasi: Kawah Papandayan, Jawa Barat


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Tanah Beruap (Steaming Ground)

Lokasi: Muara Labuh, Sumatera Barat

Tanah Hangat (Warm ground)

Lokasi: Gunung Ungaran, Jawa Tengah

Neutral Chloride Springs


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Kolam Panas (Hot Pool)

Lokasi: Batu Kuwung, Banten

Kolam Airpanas Asam

Lokasi: Waiotapu, Taupo, NZ

Silica Sinter

Lokasi: Ukumuri silica sinter, Orakeikorako, NZ

Geyser

Spouting Springs

Lokasi: Cisolok (mirip

geyser tetapi

keluarannya

bersifat kontinyu)


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Mata air panas asam berasosiasi dengan

mud pools dan ground collapse

Lokasi: Waiotapu, Taupo, NZ

Mata air bikarbonat dan endapan travertin

Erupsi Hidrotermal Alterasi Hidrotermal

Lokasi: Cliffs, Paeohori Beach, Milos


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Gas Sampling (Wayang Windu Geothermal Field)

Silica Sinter - Travertine (Wayang Windu) Geyser (Cisolok, Pelabuhan Ratu)

Gradient temp. survey (2 m depth)

Cisolok, Palabuhan Ratu


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Kegiatan survai lapangan,

Pengambilan data Geofisika dan Geokimia



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Pemanfaatan Tidak Langsung


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Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine

generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the coolingtower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production

Pemanfaatan Tidak Langsung



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Ahli Geologi meneliti sampel

batuan dari inti pemboran (core

)

KEGIATAN PENGEBORAN

SUMUR EKSPLORASI

Peralatan survai wel l logg ing

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld033.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld030.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld032.htm


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Production-sized wells require large drill rigs like

these and can cost as much as a million dollars

or more to drill. Geothermal wells can be drilled

over two miles deep Drilling Rig for reinjection well

Loc: Wairakei, New Zealand

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld032.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld036.htm


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If the well is good enough, a

wellhead, with valves and

control equipment, is built

onto the top of the well

casing

This photograph shows a vertical

geothermal well test in the Nevada Desert



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PROSES ESPLOITASI UAP MENJADI TENAGA LISTRIK

(Pertamina 2006)


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Turbine blades inside a

geothermal turbine generator Loc: Wairakei Power Station, New Zealand

Like all steam turbine generators, the

force of steam is used to spin the

trubine blades which spin the

generator, prducing electricity. But with

geothermal energy, no fuels are burned

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld040.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld040.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld040.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld050.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld039.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld040.htm


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Geothermal power plant operators in geothermal power plant

control room in the Philippines.

Substation with transformer

and insulators, at a

geothermal power plant.

P f t L

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld044.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld043.htm


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Sterilisasi Lahan

Pembibitan Kentang

Kolam renang air panas

Rumah Kaca (Green House)

Pemanfaatan Langsung


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Produk agroindustri menggunakan energi panas bumi



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Geothermal water is also used to speed the growth of fish. These are growing ina geothermally heated hatchery at Mammoth Lakes, California.



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Lokasi Sumur di PLTP Gn. Salak,

Jawa Barat

Lingkungan Bersih


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Lingkungan Bersih



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Energi Alternatif

Ramah Lingkungan

Geothermal



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Tugas:

Dikumpulkan pada kuliah minggu berikutnya

Kelas B diberikan pada tgl. 18 September 2015 dikumpulkan pada tgl 2 Oktober 2015

Soal:

Apa saja yang saudara ketahui dan berikan pendapat saudara tentang

energi terbarukan khususnya energi panas bumi (geothermal) danperkembanganya di Indonesia.

(Maksimum jawaban 2 halaman, ditulis tangan,

untuk gambar/grafik/tabel dapat ditempelkan,

jika berupa kutipan sebutkan sumber/pustaka/referensinya)


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Introduction to Geothermal (PIKE) Sem Gasal 15-16

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