Introduction to General Linguistic

MORPHOLOGY DESCRIPTION

• Counselling or therapy are good methods in helping to treat a child who exhibits symptoms of bullying.Counsel ing or therapy s are good method s in help

lexical inflectional functional lexical inflectional functional lexical lexical inflectional functional lexical

ing to treat a child who exhibit s symptom s

inflectional functional lexical functional lexical functional lexical inflectional lexical inflectional

of bully ing

functional lexical derivational

• Words can be quite damaging.

Word -s can be quite damage -ing

lexical inflectional functional functional lexical lexical inflectional

Work place bully -ing can make life quite misery -able

lexical derivational lexical derivational functional lexical lexical lexical lexical derivational

and difficult

functional lexical

•Workplace bullying can make life quite miserable and difficult.

Teenage bully -ing is a very real problem in school -s

lexical lexical derivational

functional

functional

functionl lexical lexical function

al lexical inflectional

•Teenage bullying is a very real problem in schools.

• Bullying can happen anywhere

Bully ing can happen any where

lexical derivational functional lexical functional inflectional

WORDFORMATION

Coinage

•Facebook•Bullying•Chatroom•Email•WWF

Borrowing

•parent• teenage•boss•bully•data

Loan translation

•Vice versa

Compounding• Childhood• Relationship • Online• Classroom • Heartbreak

Blending

• Sport (spoon + fork)• Internet (international + network)

• Email (electronic + mail)

• Because (by + cause)

Clipping

•Teens (teenagers)•Signs (signatures)•Phone (telephone)•Gym (gymnasium) •vs. (versus)

Backformation

•Action(act)•Treatment(treat)•Development(develop)

•Definition(define)•Rejection(reject)

Conversion

• Bullying teachers• Families that are not warm and loving

• For better understanding• To combat (combat)• To express (express)

Acronyms•NCES (National Centre for education Statistics)

•WWF (World Wrestling Federations)

•US (United State)

SYNTAX

Tree Diagram • Bullying can happen

anywhere.

Tree Diagram • Teenage bullying is a very real

problem in schools.

Tree Diagram • Workplace bullying can make

life quite miserable and difficult.

Tree Diagram • Words can be quite damaging.

Tree Diagram • What is child bullying?

Structural Ambiguity

• Children who are bullied can be stunted emotionally and socially, as well as see their schoolwork suffer

-The children’s school works are suffering-The children who are bullied will decline in their school works quality


• Speaking of another child with fear

-Speaking about a child using fearful expressions-Speaking about a child who is in a fearful condition


• Won't help stop bullying - Would not help to stop from own bullying problem.-Would not stop other’s bullying problem.


• Encourage your child to be with true friends

-Encourage your child to be with real human friends, not imaginary.-Encourage your child to be with friends of ups and downs.


• Bullying teachers can act by using degrading words and treatment, as well as physical punishments

-Teachers who bully others.-An act of bullying teachers

Deep & Surface Structure • And with the rise of the

internet, there are now instances of children being bullied online through email, chatrooms and on Facebook (passive)

• Children who are bullied can be stunted emotionally and socially, as well as see their school work suffer.(passive)

• Surface (passive sentences) (1)

• Deep (talk about being bullied) (1)

SEMANTICS

Conceptual & Associative

•Ruler

Semantic Features

1.Child

2.schoo

l

3.phone

4.girl

5.boy

Animate

+

-

-

+

+

Adult

-

-

-

-

-

Male

+

-

-

-

+

Human

+

-

-

+

+

Infant

+

-

-

+

+

Semantic Roles

1. Child bullying has existed in neighbourhoods and school for centuries. o Child – experiencero Bullying – instrumento Has existed – themeo in neighbourhoods and school -location

Semantic Roles

2. Many parents are concerned that their child might be a victim of a child bullying.o Parents – experiencero Concerned – instrumento Victim of a child bullying – theme

Semantic Roles

3. Parents and other adults can play an important role in the reduction of child bullying.

o Parents and other adults-agento Play – instrumento Important role in the reduction of child bullying – theme

Semantic Roles

4. Teachers may also bully others teachers and school staff.

o Teachers – agento Bully – instrumento Other teachers and school staff – theme

Semantic Roles

5. Boys are much more likely to be involved in violence than girls. (page 10, lines 21)o Boys – agento More likely – instrumento Involved in violence than girls – theme

Synonyms

1. Often-always2. Hard – difficult3. Avoid- prevent4. Target-aim5. Aware – alert

Antonyms

1. Good – bad2. In – out3. Stop – start4. After – before5. Less – more

Hyponymy

Prototypes

1. School – teacher, students2. Parents –father/mother3. Cyber – computer/technology4. Young – teenage/children5. Workplace – boss/staff

Homophones

1. and – end2. life – live3. of – off4. to – two5. hear – here

Homonyms

Might• Probability• Strength

Homonyms

Force• An act of making a big change in a person or thing• A group which aims to attack, control or constraint

Homonyms

Form• The shape of a structure of a thing or person• A blank document or template to be filled by the user

Homonyms

Settings• Venue and time orders• A placement that a control is set to

Homonyms

Spot• A round or irregular patch on the surface• To find thoroughly

Polysemy

Can • to be able• aluminium container• bathroom

Polysemy

Well • decent, good• deep hole to obtain water, oil or gas• the cockpit of sailboat

Polysemy

Current • present time• flow of electricity through a conductor• flow of water or stream

Polysemy

Loom • a tool for weaving• to emerge• part of an oar which is near the grip and inboard from the rowlock

Polysemy

Cell • basic unit a living organism• A small room or prison• Component of an electrical battery

Homographs

Present – presentLead – leadLive - live

Collocation

1. True friends2. Self-image3. So-called4. Self-centred5. Name-calling

Metonymy

1. home - family2. school - education3. Wrestling - violence4. Vandalism - property5. Depression - suicide

PRAGMATICS

Context -Linguistic & Physical

• Mark1. One of the unfortunate experiences that mark many childhoods is bullying.


• Stand up2. Bullying victims may be students who do not know how to stand up to bullies.


• Address3. It is very difficult to address teen bullying.


• Treat4. Counseling or therapy are good methods in helping to treat a child who exhibits symptoms of bullying.


• Outlets5. Prevention can be aimed at creating a situation in which bullying is not tolerated, in giving potential bullies outlets and behavior suggestions so that thoughts and feelings that could end up in bullying are channelled in different ways, and in helping potential victims avoid becoming the victim of bullying behavior.

Deixis-Person

1. You can also help your bullied child feel safer and develop a plan to help avoid child bullies. (page 3, line 1)

2. You may not hear a lot about adult bullying, but it is a problem. (page 3, lines 13)

3. This usually includes kicking, punching, and other physically harmful activities,

designed to instill fear in the one bullied and possible coerce him or her to do something. (page 6, lines 25)

4. "show them who is boss."(page 3, lines 26)

5. Before we can discuss why people bully, need to have a clear understanding of

what bullying is. (page 8, lines 8)

Deixis

-Time1. The dunce cap, standing in the corner, having one' hand whacked with a ruler, having one' poor grade announced to the class: all these methods that at one time were a common occurrence in educational settings might now fall under the category of bullying teachers. (page 5) 2. People who come from families in which bullying was the norm have been exposed to behavior models that are not considered acceptable today. (page 12) 3. It can also affect future professional and personal relationships. (page 2) 4. This article explores some of the current thoughts about how bullying can be prevented. (page 11) 5 These people, whether teachers or students, may need explicit models of how to act on thoughts and feelings that could lead to bullying and/or they may need greater assistance to learn new behavior patterns and break old models, such as counseling, rather than simply punishment. (page 12)

Deixis

-Place1. There are a variety of reasons why people bully. (page 8) 2. Here are some signs that your child might be a bully. (page 2) 3. There are different types of bullying. (page 1) 4. Bullies who use verbal techniques excessively tease others, say belittling things and use a great deal of sarcasm with the intent to hurt the other person's feelings or humiliate the other teen in front of others. (page 6) 5. The teacher responding to a student while standing beside his or her desk can maintain some semblances of privacy; (page 5)

Reference

• For the most part, boys prefer to use physical intimidation in their bullying. They will use physical aggression to force other to do what they want, of feel in charge of a situation.

Reference

• Girls are also more likely to be adapt at emotional bullying by ostracizing their victims or finding some other way to make harass or belittle others.

Reference

• Child bullying behaviour can be a precursor to problems later in life, especially criminal activity. It can also affect future professional and personal relationship.

Reference

• It is important to notice what is going on with your children, and watch for sign that he or she is being bullied, or that he or she is a bully.

Reference• Policies to prevent bullying

may explicitly mention major types of bullying, including verbal, social, physical, pack and cyber bullying, and racist, religious, homophobic bullying along with bullying of people with disabilities.

Inference

• Adult bullies in this category are more spontaneous and plan their bullying out less.

Inference

• And it isn’t always physical

Inference

• Bullying is active, and is done with the intention of bringing another person down

Inference

• Children who experience social rejection themselves are more likely to “pass it on” to others.

Inference

• Does not accept responsibility for their actions

Anaphora & Antecedent

• Child bullying (antecedent) is a serious problem in schools around the country, and it(anaphor) can be very harmful, long term, to children.


• When someone verbally bullies another, he or she uses demeaning language to tear down another's self-image.


• Perception of bullying has changed over time, and while a bullying policy can touch organizations such as schools, it is harder to reach families.


• But if dad bullies mom, or vice versa, and the children take this behavior as a model, what's behind closed doors can flow out into the community.


• This traditional form of bullying involves hitting, punching, shoving and other acts of intention physical harm

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Cohesion• ADULT BULLY• It is important to note, though, that

there is little you can do about an adult bully, other than ignore and try to avoid, after reporting the abuse to a supervisor. This is because adult bullies are often in a set pattern. They are not interested in working things out and they are not interested in compromise

Cohesion• PARENTS ROLE• Perception of bullying has changed over time, and

while a bullying policy can touch organizations such as schools, it is harder to reach families. People who come from families in which bullying was the norm have been exposed to behavior models that are not considered acceptable today. These people, whether teachers or students, may need explicit models of how to act on thoughts and feelings that could lead to bullying and/or they may need greater assistance to learn new behavior patterns and break old models, such as counseling, rather than simply punishment.

Cohesion• ACT OF BULLYING TEACHERS• Teachers may be the victims of bullying in

a variety of ways. Disruptive classroom behavior is one way in which students seize power in class and use it to distress a teacher. Vandalism, such as keying cars and causing flat tires, and theft of teachers' property, as well as verbal abuse are other ways in which students abuse teachers.

Cohesion• TEACHERS WHO BULLY OTHERS• The dunce cap, standing in the corner, having

one' hand whacked with a ruler, having one' poor grade announced to the class: all these methods that at one time were a common occurrence in educational settings might now fall under the category of bullying teachers. Bullying teachers can act by using degrading words and treatment, as well as physical punishments. Other school employees besides teachers can bully students, including coaches, custodians, security personnel, and the front office staff, even the principal

Cohesion• STUDENTS FEAR IN REPORTING

BULLY• Teacher bullying may go unreported for

several reasons. The victim may not trust the system to support or believe him or her, especially if there are any instances in which the victim had infringed school behavior rules. The victim may also fear retribution by the teacher in the form of a lowered grade or more teacher bullying behavior. The victim may also fear retribution by students who are in good standing with the teacher.

Co-operative Principle• According to the American

Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, close to half of all children will experience school bullying at some point while they are at primary or secondary school.

Co-operative Principle• According to statistics from

Family First Aid, about 30 percent of teenagers in the U.S. have been involved in bullying, either as a bully or as a victim of teenage bullying.

Co-operative Principle• According to StÃ¥le Einarsen of the

University of Bergen in Norway in "The nature and causes of bullying at work," because most reports of bullying come from a victim, in cases in which there is a provocative victim or the so-called bullying stems from a dispute between the parties or other pre-existing interpersonal conflict, outside evidence should be gathered before it is concluded that bullying has taken place.

Co-operative Principle• Some bullying occurs at the rate

of "almost every day" according �to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) 2007 data.

Co-operative Principle• Some research indicates that the

very fact of having power may make some people wish to wield it in a noticeable way, but it is also true that people may be given power without being trained in the leadership skills that will help them wield it wisely.

Schema

• Child bullying has existed in neighbourhoods and schools for centuries

• Bullying occurs in school, workplaces , in homes , on playground , in the military and in nursing homes , for example.

ScriptNumber Phrase

Settings Related

Page

1

Words can be quite damaging. Adult bullies who use this type of tactic may start rumors about the victim, or use sarcastic or demeaning language to dominate or humiliate another person. This subtle type of bullying also has the advantage - to the bully - of being difficult to document. However, the emotional and psychological impacts of verbal bullying can be felt quite keenly and can result in reduced job performance and even depression.

Office or workplace

4

2 Bullying often brings to mind school bullying between children, but bullying can involve adults, even bullying teachers.

School settings

5

3 Teachers may also bully other teachers and school staff. Teacher’s

cubicle and school office

5

4 Teacher bullying may go unreported for several reasons Headmaster’s

room 5

5

For example, if a student is ridiculed because his or her desk or locker is a mess with things falling out of it, some assistance in creating and maintaining order could both

be beneficial and remove the reason for the bullying

School hallway and classroom.

12

Thank you !

Introduction to General Linguistic

Education

Transcript of Introduction to General Linguistic