Introduction to GDP
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Transcript of Introduction to GDP
Introduction to GDP
Basic overview: Geographic Data Processing, GIS, what types of data, what applications?
Topics GDP part of course• Basic knowledge geography, cartography• GIS data and representation• GIS data sources and acquisition• GIS data structures• GIS analysis• Label placement• Terrain algorithms• Trajectory algorithms• Route planning• LiDAR data and processing
This lecture
• What is a GIS?• Examples of applications of GIS• Basic functionality of GIS• What is typical about GIS?• What software and companies?• Role of computer science
What is GIS? Definitions• A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving
at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world (Burrough, 1986)
• A system for capturing, storing checking, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth (Dept. of Environment, 1987)
• An information technology which stores, analyses, and displays both spatial and non-spatial data (Parker, 1988)
Definitions, continued• A database system in which most of the data are
spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database (Smith et al., 1987)
• A decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem solving environment (Cowen, 1988)
Differences Similarities
• Set of tools• System• Database system• Decision support
system• Also: A technology
• Spatial data is essential• At the least an aid for
input, storage, manipulation, analysis and visualization of data
Most common use of GIS
• Management of geographic data– land use– land ownership– date of origin of features (e.g. buildings) – ...
with a possibility of querying
Important example use
• Site planning: find locations that satisfy a combination of properties (e.g. for VINEX locations):– not built up– not forest– near a train station– at least 8 km2
– ...
What is typical about GIS?• Applications are spatial
• Problems are not well-defined: multiple criteria must be met simultaneously, concepts often not well-defined (e.g. Groene Hart, surroundings of Arnhem)
• Data is unreliable, expensive to get, sometimes outdated, sometimes only partially relevant, difficult to integrate, ...
Firsts of data storage, I• Geometric and attribute data• Geometry: several map layers• Attribute: as in normal databases
• municipality Zierikzee• population 45.000• …..
Firsts of data storage, II• Geometry: vector and raster representation
(4.234 Lon, 52.671 Lat)
(4.237 Lon, 52.674 Lat)
Output of a GIS• Maps
- theme choice- stacking order choice- colors, projection, etc.
• Tables, states• Query results: “There is x square meter with
the requested properties” • Analysis results (e.g., for decision support)
Another example use and output
More examples• Pollution• Natural disasters• Management (road, water,...)• Planning
earthquakes and break lines
outcome of air pollution analysis
GIS in the Netherlands: data• Cadastral offices (GBKN)• Topographic Service
(TOP10vector, raster)• Road and Water
Management (NWB)• Elevation (AHN)• Subsurface (TNO)• Pollution data,
health data (TNO, RIVM)• Census bureau:
CBS (statistical data)• Companies (road networks)
Actueel Hoogtebestand• Data comes with metadata
– Average error 5 cm– Standard deviation 15 cm– Filtering of houses, trees, cars, ...
Price: 150,000 for the original data points; 75,000 for the 5m grid
Actueel Hoogtebestand, from 2012
• Second version: data for every 0.5 x 0.5 meters 135 billion data values for the Netherlands
Price: 455,000 for the original data points; 227,500 for the 0.5m grid
Cadastre/Topographic Service
TOP10vector TOP10roadsSubscription, per 1 km2: 1.50For all of NL: 42,500
Cadastre/Topographic Service
TOP50raster TOP250raster
TOP10rasterwithout text
TOP10rasterwith text
Cadastre/Topographic Service
• Postal code regions, 6 digit: 13,325• Postal code regions, 5-digit: 1340• Postal code regions, 4-digit: 178• Cadastral map, 1 parcel: 0.66;
from 1,000,000 parcels: 0.40 per parcel• GBKN raster, per 0.5 km2: 1.45
(the Netherlands has 33,800 km2)
GIS in the Netherlands: users• RIVM• Cadastre (including Topografische Dienst
Nederland)• TNO (defense, security and safety; built
environment and geosciences)• Alterra (agricultural research)• Rijkswaterstaat (ministery of Verkeer en
Waterstaat)• Companies• Universities (research): physical and human
geography, cartography, archeology, biology, meteorology, geophysics, geology, ….
Application areas: general
• Socio-economic/ government– Health– Local government– Transport planning– Service planning– Urban management
• Utilities– Network management– Service provision– Telecommunications– Emergency repairs
• Commerce & business– Market share analysis– Insurance– Fleet management– Direct marketing– Target marketing– Retail site location
• Environment– Pollution monitoring– Natural hazard assessment– Resource management– Environmental impact
assessment
GIS in the Netherlands: research
• ITC: International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (Enschede)
• Universities (e.g., Delft, Utrecht, Wageningen)
GIS: types of companies• GIS, general software (ESRI, Intergraph, MapInfo,
Oracle, Geodan, Logica)
• Route planners (TomTom, Garmin, Siemens, Magellan)
• Internet (geographic search engines/geographic IR, Google Maps/Earth, MapQuest, ...)
• Data services, training, consultancy, applications
Main GIS company: ESRI (Environmental Systems
Research Institute)• Since 1969 (!)• 70th largest software
company (in 2008)
Software of ESRI• ArcGis: GIS• ArcView: desktop mapping• ArcExplorer: GIS data viewer and query tool via
map• MapObjects: library to add GIS functionality to
Windows applications • Spatial Database Engine: client/server software to
adjoin GIS to existing DBMS (Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL server, …)
• ArcLogistics, ArcCAD (GIS functionality in AutoCAD), ArcFM (facilities management), NetEngine (network analysis), Maplex (label placement)
Software of ESRI for Internet
• ArcIMS (Internet Mapping Solutions): GIS• ArcView IMS (Internet Map Server): desktop
mapping on the Internet• MapObjects IMS: library to add GIS
functionality to Windows applications
Software with GIS features• Desktop mapping (Freehand, Map Maker,
PolyMap)• Car Navigation Systems (TomTom, Garmin,
Magellan)• Landuse Information Systems• Software for (geo)statistics, interpolation
(SYSTAT)
Computer science issues of GIS
• Databases• (Geometric) algorithms• Graphics, scientific visualization• Knowledge technology, decision support
systems• Combinatorial optimization• Interface design