INTEGRATED MIXED METHODS USING ATTITUDE DATA TO

GENERATE SOCIAL EVIDENCE OF TENSE SITUATIONS, ESPECIALLY

REGARDING LABOURWendy Olsen

with Nathan Khadaroo supporting

Creative commons license. You may cite this work; please cite this presentations as mimeo , Wendy Olsen, 2014 (University of Manchester: Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research). Via Slideshare.net .

Welcome to Our Workshop on Mixed Methods

Nov. 3, 2014, 10am-3pmFunded by British Academy and CMIST

www.cmist.manchester.ac.uk

Aims of the Workshop

• Piloting workshops for mixed methods with a strong statistical element. We are piloting on ourselves.

• We are demonstrating integrated mixed methods.

• TODAY’S WORKSHOP: Factor analysis activities first, having created a factors (scale) about attitudes on women’s attitudes about women holding jobs. We place ourselves on this factor then hold discussions in groups, NVIVO.

Research Group: Social Mobility and Labour Markets

Research Group, CMIST• Led by Dr. Wendy Olsen and Prof. Yaojun Li

• To join the group’s email list, send an email to:• Wendy.olsen@manchester.ac.uk

• Indicate whether you also want to be put onto the Integrated Mixed Methods Network email list, which is separate [British Academy].

What is factor analysis?• Key questions available to us in the Demographic & Health Survey, and in the British Household Panel Survey

2007, and in the Understanding Society survey 2009-2012, include:

“A job is all right, but what most women really want is a home and children.”

“A man’s job is to earn the money, a woman’s job is to look after the home and family.”

“ It is not good if the man stays at home and cares for the children and the woman goes out to work.”

[this wording is from the BHPS 2007; the wording is different in each survey] • Positive scores demonstrate greater conservatism in gender role attitudes and negative scores are indicative of

greater liberalism. - Crompton, Brockmann and Lyonette, 2005. The authors Crompton et al. (2005) did not use factor analysis, but we are using it. Instead, in their work, they used a

classical scale:• “All of these questions were answered via a five-point scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ through ‘neither agree

nor disagree’ to ‘strongly disagree’. A simple gender conservatism–liberalism scale was constructed as follows: strongly agree 2, agree 1, strongly disagree –2, disagree –1. ‘Neither agree nor disagree’ and ‘don’t know’ answers were scored 0. These scores were averaged, and mean scores at both times are shown in Table 1.”

Wendy Olsen and Ellie B. Schmidt have been looking at women’s vs. men’s attitudes to gendered social norms.

Gender Norms and Labour Supply in Comparative Context

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Funding acknowledgements:M/cr Business School, Fairness at Work pilot grant scheme £5K.

Ellie Schmidt worked on the project under this scheme.Grants from ESRC DFID Poverty Alleviation round £330K over 3.5 years 2014-2017

British Academy £25K Integrated Mixed Methods Network, international

partnership and mobility fundsNext bid – Erasmus+ K2 strategic partnership for youth

Welcome to using factor analysis….

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Related to classical scales You make a summary variable that

does ‘data reduction’

from 3 or more

indicator variables.

Related to the world of multiple regression

Related to the mixed methods world too

We produce a regression that allows the scale to be associated

with key structural

background factors.

Many variants on the theme.

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This is a structural equation model.

This one shows a latent growth curve model.

You can put a factor into this.

Muthen & Muthen’s MPLUS software

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Useful, but so is MLWIN or STATA now. SPSS can also do a simple factor analysis.

The factor can be an independent variable, or a dependent variable.

'Gender Norms and Factor Analysis: A Sociological Reinterpretation'

2014 Wendy Olsen and Nik LoynesUniversity of Manchester

Women’s Labour Force Participation Fell in India By All Measures.

2004-2010.Is it because of a rise in wealth, or a

change in attitudes? Do women’s attitudes vary much?

A stylized fact about India not Bangladesh: INDIA EPW 2012

But why expect tensions to arise?...

1. general approaches to measuring attitudes Norms, roles, attitudes, beliefs,

desires Practices vs. strategies Agent orientations

2. specific issues of gender roles 3. attitudes and employment

SEM approach (DHS 2007 vs. NFHS 2006)

4. Change over time in two S. Asian contexts Context-dependent attitude measures Findings for Bangladesh DHS 2006/7

Vs. India NFHS 2005/6 UK we use the BHPS and UnderSoc

questions 5. Linking change to employment

Logistic regression results.

12 Gender Norms and Labour Supply in Comparative Context

Another Regression: How Attitude is Associated with Labour Supply

Household Paid and

Unpaid Work

Caring Work - Outside

Home Ownership &

WealthHis Work

Aspirations

Poverty

Homogamy and Age

Difference

Human Capital

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Her Caring Work - Kids

Caring Work - Outside

Human Capital

ealth

Home Ownership &

Wealth Aspirations

Poverty

Caring Work - Outside

Human Capital

HealthHealth

Scale of Traditional Attitudes

These are strongly correlated

+ with Labour Force Participation of Women

Gender Norms and Labour Supply in Comparative Context

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Four Variables Used in a Factor Analysis for Bangladesh DHS 2007

…to estimate the social norm that women and men can equally participate in the economy. This variable has four components.

Who Has: The final say on own health care The final say on making large household

purchases The final say on making household

purchases for daily needs The final say on visits to family or

relatives If respondent (wife) then the indicator takes the

value 4. (19% in 2007 for the last item shown above)

If respondent and husband decide together, it takes value 3. (42%)

If respondent and another person (which is rare), it takes value 2. (7%)

If any other decision maker, e.g. husband alone (27% in 2007), or someone else (rare), it takes value 1.

Integrated Mixed Methods Network IMMN

British Academy Funding

I plan later to apply for ERC funding for Training and Capacity Building

This might be an EU ITN

Innovative Training Network

We (U OF M) already have one!

Gender Norms and Labour Supply in Comparative Context

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See facebook group:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/438437119631157/

Our aim is to show specific argumentation strands that help really mix the interpretation of the various kinds of data. A) factor analysis with interview data. B) factor analysis with workshops

using street theatre (needs British Council funds)

C) QCA with qualitative data (see jiscmail group, QUAL-COMPARE, 230

members)

-- QCA is qualitative comparative analysis

-- the Dyadic work was key in getting the IMMN started.

REST OF TODAY

Exercises

COMMENTARIES

Use notelets

Use posterboards

Type in our data

Use NVIVO to analyse

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How to use NVIVO

Free codes - these are annotations.

Tree codes – these are groupings of free nodes into groups on related themes.

Model – this is how we depict the developing interpretation.

Iteration and revision Hypothesis tests are deductive; Induction, retroduction Asking why the data have these

patterns.

NVIVO Slides are available

See slideshare.net

http://www.slideshare.net/

Wendyolseninmanchester/critical-

thinking-contradictions-2014parttwo on

using NVIVO to do coding

http://www.slideshare.net/

Wendyolseninmanchester/critical-

thinking-contradictions-part-3-resolution-

conclusions on warranted arguments of

particular types: TENSIONS and

CONTRADICTING ONESELF/others

http://www.slideshare.net/

Wendyolseninmanchester/critical-

thinking-and-arguments-about-

contradictions-using-qualitative-data-

nvivo-2014 on warranted arguments in

general

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Thank you for participating.