Introduction to EcoDesign Adopting EcoDesign measures for considering environmental issues through...

Introduction to EcoDesign

Adopting EcoDesign measures for considering environmental issues through the whole product chain

EcoDesign seeks to prevent pollution from the source during product development

EcoDesign is a way of thinking – and needs appropriate tools and methods

EcoDesign is a business opportunity

A product’s life cycle comprises ... raw materials acquisition components production product assembly distribution, retail, packaging product use (refurbishment) (reuse) end-of-life plus: all related transports!

Life cycle thinking

Cradle to grave approach to assess the environmental

performance of products and services

Product design effect on environment

Production, distribution, use and end of life management of energy-using products causing impacts on the environment

Approx. 80% of all product-related environmental impacts are determined during the product design phase

Considering environmental aspects in the design phase is a effective approach to improve products

Manufacturing. Increase efficiency Procurement. Reduce auxiliaries variety, avoid hazardous

materials Marketing. Green sells better Research and development. Create innovative products Environment, Health & Safety (EHS). Improve

production, improve working conditions Quality management. Reliable products instead of throw-

away products

Entry points for EcoDesign

The business point of view Competition Market pressure Public opinion Customer requirements Customer safety Green sells better Innovation Cost savings

Risk reduction Employee motivation Ecolabeling programmes Companies responsibility Corporative communication Supply chain relationship Product quality Legislative regulations Voluntary agreement

Benefits from Being Green

The business case: Better Energy Systems (UK) Philosophy: “Better Energy Systems is a leading

manufacturer of portable renewable energy products. We are committed to using the most effective means to develop and distribute environmentally conscious products to the global economy.”

“Through our work we aim to educate the consumer on the functionality and profitability of environmentally designed products.”

– In contradiction to frequently heard argument: “customer does not ask for green products”


The business case: Better Energy Systems (UK) Product:

Solio – Solar Charger for mobile devices Combining aesthetic appeal with being green:

“cool and environmentally friendly” Macworld Best of Show Award 2005 Solar charger is a perfect product for an

environmentally conscious product Plus educating the consumer through

a very informative webpage: www.solio.com


The business case: Better Energy Systems (UK)

Eco-design activities:– Toxicity analysis and energy assessment

performed together with Fraunhofer IZM– Identifying improvement potentials– “give more than we take” philosophy targets at:

“over its lifetime, Solio will ideally produce more energy than energy used in its construction.”

– CO2 neutral production by tree planting in developing countries (FutureForests)


Environmental work in business

IPP related environmental work is based on life cycle thinking:

Environmental Management Sysytem of own operations Systematic supplier management Integration of EcoDesign in product and process

development Sound end of life practice for product

What is IPP

Integrated Product Policy (IPP) is a key strategy for EU environmental policy

Integrated Product Policy (IPP) seeks to minimise environmental impacts by looking at all phases of a products' life-cycle and taking action where it is most effective

The life-cycle of a product covers all the areas from the extraction of natural resources, through their design, manufacture, assembly, marketing, distribution, sale and use to their eventual disposal as waste.

Aspects of IPP

IPP involves many different actors such as designers, industry, marketing people, retailers and consumers.

IPP attempts to stimulate each part of these individual phases to improve their environmental performance.

IPP is based on a variety of tools - both voluntary and mandatory

IPP include e.g. economic instruments, substance bans, voluntary agreements, environmental labelling and product design guidelines.

Subject for IPP/Ecodesign in electronics

Characteristics of electronics – “green” benefits Shrinking products, from hardware to software

• Miniaturization • Concentration (of information and data, e.g., MP3 player)• Digitalization• Portability

Function integration (Value added functions) Electronic transport versus mechanical transport Global village – virtual global network

Public procurement constitutes on average around 12% of EU GDP (gross domestic product)

Great potential for using public procurement to improve the environmental performance of products throughout their life cycle

Product declaration / labelling a criteria in contract specifications

National legislation in several EU member states require green public procurement

Green public procurement

Consumer Awareness

• Results of a study in Germany (2004):• Are you willing to pay more for environmentally benign

products?

• Note: that does not mean, that “green” products have to be more costly

11

26

53

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

not willing

rather not willing

rather willing

definitely yes


Integrated Product Policy

EcoDesign: EuP framework directive (draft)

focus: product

e-waste: WEEEmaterial bans: RoHS (automotives: ELV)

aspect specific regulations

focus: enterprise

environmentalmanagement: EMAS

several directives planned

already existing energy efficiency directives

energy labelling directive

EU Policy and Legislation

RoHS in Detail

Member States shall ensure that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market does not contain Lead Mercury Cadmium Hexavalent chromium Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)

... more substances under discussion

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/weee_index.htm

Legal bans of Hazardous substances in electronic Products and Parts

Products and Product Parts with specific legal bans Electrical and electronic equipment (mercury,

cadmium, lead, hexavalent chromium, PBBs, PBDEs)

Electrical components (halogenated aromatic compounds)

Plastic Parts (butadiene, acrylonitrile, cadmium compounds, OBDE, PeBDE)

Insulation materials (CFCs and halons)

WEEE in General

Take back requirements Recycling quotas

Background Amount of WEEE: 6 mill tons per year in the EU Trend: 3 to 5% increase per year Collection, treatment and recovery rates low Treatment often difficult WEEE contains:

– heavy metals, problematic chemicals like flame retardants – valuable materials like precious metals, copper, tin

WEEE in Detail

Annex I A: Scope Large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment Consumer and lighting equipment Electrical and electronic tools Toys, leisure and sports equipment Medical devices Monitoring and control instruments Automatic dispensers

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/weee_index.htm

WEEE in Detail

Parties involved Only if you are a “distributor” or “producer” you are

obliged to follow the requirements of the WEEE directive If you are a (component) supplier, the rules are not

directly relevant to you … but care for the requirements, which will be passed on

in the supply chain by your customers!

Rates for collection, recovery, recycling

Large household appl., automat. dispensers≥ 80 w.-% recovery

≥ 75 w.-% re-use*, recycling

ICT, consumer electronics

≥ 75 w.-% recovery ≥ 65 w.-% re-use*, rec.

OthersSmall household appl., lighting equipment, electrical and electronic tools (without large-scale

stationary industrial tools), toys, leisure and sports equipment monitoring and control instruments

≥ 70 w.-% recovery ≥ 50 w.-% re-use*/rec.

Separate Collection ≥ 4 kg per inhabitant and year from households (per country)

*Until dec. 31, 2008 entirely re-used EEE not accounted for rates!

WEEE in Detail

Producer responsibility WEEE from private households (B2C):

– Producers install systems for take back free of cost for final user, at least take back from public collection points

– Individual or collective systems possible

– Producers take over cost of re-use, recycling, disposal

– Distributors voluntarily (but free of cost) may take back WEEE

WEEE from other than private users (B2B):– Producer has to offer appropriate possibility for take back for B2B

customers

– Producer responsible for collection, re-use, recycling, disposal, and costs of „new“ WEEE

WEEE in Detail

Product design Encourage design and production of EEE with respect to easy

dismantling and recovery Foster reuse and recycling of WEEE, components and materials Assure that design features or manufacturing processes do not

hinder Reuse– unless such specific design features or manufacturing processes present

overriding advantages, – for example, with regard to the protection of the environment and/or safety

requirements.

It’s up to the creativity of the member states, how to set right “measures”

WEEE in detail

Recycling technology requirements: Selective Treatment (Annex II)

General removal of PWBs from mobile phones Removal of PWBs larger than 10 square-cm Removal of LCDs (larger than 100 square-cm), plastics with brominated flame

retardants, batteries, mercury containing components etc. etc.

Remember: From 2005 on you as a manufacturer will be obliged to pay for this treatment!

– adapt your product design to make selective treatment an efficient process!

WEEE in Detail

Product information for recyclers

producers have to provide reuse and treatment information for each type of new EEE put on the market within one year after the equipment is put on the market

this information shall identify, as far as it is needed by reuse centres, treatment, and recycling facilities,

the different EEE components and materials, the location of dangerous substances and preparations in EEE

WEEE in Detail

Product Information for Recyclers

Example: Recycling passport developed in a German project

Major recycler involved

LCD-Display Integrated with keyboard

>PS-HI-FR< coated

3,10 kg

>PS-HI-FR< coated 0,65 kg

zincated, coated 14,85 kg

stainless steel 7,25 kg

Lithium-Battery hazardous substance free, non-removable,

Printed circuit board on inner right front door

>ABS< 0,81 kg

>PS-HI-FR< coated

2,83 kg

ferromagnetic steel coated

4,23 kg

>ABS< 0,55 kg

Lithium-Battery hazardous substance free, non-removable, integrated on Gemini-PCB, left printed

circuit board located in VME rack, inner left front door

stainless steel 0,50 kg

ferromagnetic steel

Excerpt from recycling passport (project PROMEKREIS)

EuP Directive in General

Overview Energy using Products (EuP) directive is a framework

directive which form the basis for future product specific directives

The directive has been adopted 6 July 2005 Harmonization of EU laws through compliance with

CE-marking EU eco-labelled products are assumed to fulfill the EuP

requirements

http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/eco_design/index.htm

Country Product groups Firms Products

Germany 94 995 3114

Nordic Countries 69 1275 4098

Spain 29 150 944

Austria 44 334 645

France 15 47 443

The Netherlands 69 257 360

EU 21 185 576

Status of eco-labelled products as of end of 2002

(reference: Rubik, 2004)


Eco-Labels

Eco-Labels - Example: The “Blue Angel”

First official national eco-labeling scheme worldwide, launched in 1978

About 3.800 products and services Approx. 710 label users in Germany and abroad are

permitted to bear the Blue Angel Electronic product range:

• mobile phones, portable and stationary computers


Energy Efficiency

EU Energy labelling directivesProduct categories Refrigerators, freezers Electric ovens Air conditioner Lamps

Dishwashers Washer-driers Tumble driers Washing machines

(all household appliances)

Example: Washing machines - Improvements achieved Water consumption for 5 kg coloured laundry:

1965: 180 l

1990: 75 l2004: <40 l (note: label introduced 1995)

Business point of view Be compliant! Example: Entertainment equipment OEM

– In December 2001 Dutch customs stopped imports of a entertainment equipment due to elevated Cadmium levels in cables, exceeding legal thresholds

– Consequences: serious losses for 2001 Christmas sales, OEM exchanges cables at 1.3 million devices

– Lessons learned: OEM launched a Green Partnership Initiative with strict requirements for suppliers

• being a “Green Partner” now is a major business benefit

Legal compliance is a “must”!– it is up to you to apply smart strategies to comply with legislation and to

generate business benefits simultaneously


Next: Content – What is addressed – legal framework

Communication strategy

Ensure, that customers knows about our goal and visions for ecodesign

Sales division include this communication in dialogue with customers

Goal and visions shall be expressed in written as documentation

Important to communicate progress with ecodesign in product development, neverless the results hasn’t been achieved yet

The Business Case: TWINflex®

developed by: Würth Elektronik printed circuit board in MicroVia technology using foil

technology with flexible materials, such as polyimide or Liquid Crystal Polymer

flexible in form and function: suitable for high density flexible, flex-rigid and three dimensional circuits

foil circuit board could be mounted on a homogenous plastic or metal substrate

© Würth Elektronik

Conventional multilayer PCB TWINflex: substrate and circuits seperated



Environmental Aspects TWINflex® separates mechanical and electrical functions of the usual

printed circuit board Expensive materials (like noble metal) can be regained in an efficient way Other materials can be dismantled easily and reused without any

preparation Reduction of end-of-life costs through easy separation (preparation for

WEEE implementation) Applications of harmful substances during the production-phase can be

limited by TWINflex® drastically

Key issues in EcoDesign

Materials (renewable resources and hazardous substances) Manufacturing processes Energy consumption (low energy consumption) End-of-life (reuse and recycle)

Materials

General recommendations:– Use as few different types of materials as possible– Avoid dangerous and hazardous substances– Avoid using materials characterized as scarce resources – Use materials which can be recycled in the established

recycling systems– Reduce consumption of materials, avoid over-dimensioning– Reduce packaging– Reduce spillage and waste

Products and Product Parts with specific legal bans Electrical and electronic equipment (mercury, cadmium, lead,

hexavalent chromium, PBBs, PBDEs, Sulfur hexafloride (SF6))

Batteries (mercury, cadmium, lead)

Electrical components (halogenated aromatic compounds)

Plastic Parts (vinyl cloride, butadiene, acrylonitrile, cadmium compounds, OBDE, PeBDE)

Insulation materials (CFCs and halons)

Legal bans on hazardous substances

Energy Consumption (1)

Example Personal Computer– Frequent-use product (maybe even “always-on”)– Very complex, most of the product is electronics– B2C– Lifetime average 3-5 years

Environmental aspects - Energy-efficiency– For reasons of simplification: Focus only on energy

(primary energy) as “environmental indicator”– Main unit without peripheral devices (monitor, mouse, keyboard

etc.)


Personal computer Production

– Transportation: 50 kWh (global supply chains!)– Electronic assemblies:

• ICs

• PCBs

• Passives / miscellaneous

– Motors, fans– Housing, etc

In total approx. 535 kWh


Personal computer Use-phase

– Depends on lifetime, use patterns, use of energy saving modes, stand-by

– Example: 4 years average use of a Pentium III PC

In total roughly 1.600 kWh**Note: also calculated as primary energy


Personal computer End-of-life

– Assumed: state-of-the-art recycling, recovering secondary raw materials (mainly steel, copper, precious metals, aluminium)

– Calculation: benefit of replacing primary material

In total approx. 70 kWh– Why is it so much less than the energy used for production?

• Recycling logistics, but even more:

• IC manufacturing cannot be compensated

Primary energy consumption

Production Use Recycling


Personal computer Lessons learned

Primary energy consumption

Production Use Recycling

Don’t rely on proper recycling as your main

eco-design activity

Large influence of use patterns – use your influence on product

use!

Improving production is even more important!

6 RE Philosophy Re-think the product and its functions, e.g. the product may be used more

efficiently. Re-duce energy and material consumption throughout a product’s life

cycle Re-place harmful substances with more environmentally friendly

alternatives Re-cycle. Select materials that can be recycled, and build the product

such that it is disassembled easier for recycling. Re-use. Design the product so parts can be reused.

Re-pair. Make the product easy to repair so that the product does not yet need to be replaced.

[UNEP Guide to LCM]

Summary: Get Started …

Eco-design tools: Checklists

What is the product‘s energy consumption compared with competitors‘ products?

lower

same

higher

Does your product have energy saving features? yes

under

development

no

Do you use batteries / rechargeable batteries in your product? no

yes

Do you know, which rechargeable batteries for your specific application are the most environmentally benign ones? (recharge cycles, materials)

yes

no

Do you motivate the customer to reduce unnecessary stand-by? yes

no

Are your energy saving features state of the art and easy to use? yes

under

development

no

Example: Product use

Screening the whole product life cycle (1)

MET Matrix

Material Cycle (M)Energy

Consumption (E)Toxic Emissions (T)

Production and supply of materials

and componentsEnd product manufacture

Distribution to customers

Product use

Product end-of-life

Screening the whole product life cycle (2)

…and don’t forget to consider frame work conditions

Environment Business Customer

1st option

2nd option

3rd option

...

nth option

Benefit

Societal Technical Financial

Feasibility

A Guideline for integration eco-design in a product development process: ISO/TR 14062:2002

Provides concepts and current practices relating to integration of environmental aspects into product design and development

Goal: Improvement of environmental performance of products

How to do EcoDesign?

STAGE 1: Planning

STAGE 2:Conceptual

STAGE 3:Detailed Design

STAGE 4:Testing / Prototype

STAGE 5:Market launch

STAGE 6:Product Review

Feedback / continuous

Stages of Product Development Process

Decreasin

g in

fluen

ce on

en

viron

men

tal imp

acts


(reference: ISO/TR 14062:2002)

STAGE 1: Planning

STAGE 2:Conceptual







Eco-design activities What is the product idea? What are the priorities for this product? Totally new product or product improvement?

– When planning a product improvement, the former generation might be an appropriate benchmark for all improvements

Overall company strategy Consider business environment: Customer / market

needs, legislation, eco-label planned, market niches, competitors products…

STAGE 1: Planning

STAGE 2:Conceptual







Eco-design activities Integrate eco-design

aspects when drafting the specification for a product

Check feasibility (technological, financial) Apply e.g. guidelines, checklists to refine the

specification Communicate with your supply chain

STAGE 1: Planning

STAGE 2:Conceptual







Eco-design activities Apply eco-design tools and data bases Find alternatives for materials to be avoided Life cycle scenarios Design for assembly / disassembly

STAGE 1: Planning

STAGE 2:Conceptual







Eco-design activities Check whether a realistic implementation of

environmental requirements has been achieved Adaptations and changes in the design if necessary. Benchmark with former product generation

STAGE 1: Planning

STAGE 2:Conceptual







Eco-design activities Communicate environmental excellence of your product Communicate related features: quality, life cycle costs Raise awareness among consumers

STAGE 1: Planning

STAGE 2:Conceptual







Eco-design activities Evaluate success of the product Identify further environmental improvements for next

product generation Which innovations are next?

Introduction to EcoDesign Adopting EcoDesign measures for considering environmental issues through...

Documents

Transcript of Introduction to EcoDesign Adopting EcoDesign measures for considering environmental issues through...