Introduction to Earthquake by JAWAD AHMED
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Transcript of Introduction to Earthquake by JAWAD AHMED
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JAWAD AHMED
Intro.To
Earth Quake
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INTRODUCTION
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Earthquakes
INTRODUCTION.
• Focus is the point within Earth where the earthquake starts.
• Epicenter is the location on the surface directly above the focus.
An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy
Focus and Epicenter
• Faults are fractures in Earth where movement has occurred.
Faults
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INTRODUCTION
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CONCEPT ABOUT EPICENTER
Epicenter is the exact place above the focus from where the energy is releasing or waves are producing
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INTRODUCTION
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Cause of Earthquakes
What Is an Earthquake?
• Most earthquakes are produced by the rapid
release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been subjected to great forces.
• When the strength of the rock is exceeded, it suddenly breaks, causing the vibrations of an earthquake.
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Elastic Rebound
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Cause of Earthquakes
What Is an Earthquake?
• An aftershock is a small earthquake that follows the main earthquake.
• A foreshock is a small earthquake that often precedes a major earthquake.
Aftershocks and Foreshocks
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Earthquake Waves
Measuring Earthquakes
Seismographs are instruments that record earthquake waves.
Surface waves are seismic waves that travel along Earth’s outer layer.
Seismograms are traces of amplified, electronically recorded ground motion made by seismographs.
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Seismograph
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Seismogram
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OUR RED ZONE !
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Earthquake Waves
Measuring Earthquakes
Body Waves
• P waves• Identified as P waves or S waves
- Have the greatest velocity of all earthquake waves
- Are push-pull waves that push (compress) and pull (expand) in the direction that the waves travel
- Travel through solids, liquids, and gases
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Earthquake Waves
Measuring Earthquakes
Body Waves• S waves
- Seismic waves that travel along Earth’s outer layer
- Slower velocity than P waves
- Shake particles at right angles to the direction that they travel
- Travel only through solids
A seismogram shows all three types of seismic waves—surface waves, P waves, and S waves.
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Seismic Waves
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Locating an Earthquake
Measuring Earthquakes
Earthquake Distance
• Travel-time graphs from three or more seismographs can be used to find the exact location of an earthquake epicenter.
• The epicenter is located using the difference in the arrival times between P and S wave
recordings, which are related to distance.
• About 95 percent of the major earthquakes occur in a few narrow zones.
Earthquake Direction
Earthquake Zones
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Locating an Earthquake
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Measuring Earthquakes
Measuring Earthquakes
Historically, scientists have used two different types of measurements to describe the size of an earthquake—intensity and magnitude.
Richter Scale
• Does not estimate adequately the size of very large earthquakes
• Based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave
• Each unit of Richter magnitude equates to roughly a 32-fold energy increase
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Measuring Earthquakes
Measuring Earthquakes
Momentum Magnitude• Derived from the amount of displacement
that occurs along the fault zone • Moment magnitude is the most widely used
measurement for earthquakes because it is the only magnitude scale that estimates the energy released by earthquakes.
• Measures very large earthquakes
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Earthquake Magnitudes
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Some Notable Earthquakes
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Seismic Vibrations
Destruction from Earthquakes
The damage to buildings and other structures from earthquake waves depends on several factors. These factors include the intensity and duration of the vibrations, the nature of the material on which the structure is built, and the design of the structure.
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EARTHQAUKE DAMAGES!
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Seismic Vibrations
Destruction from Earthquakes
Building Design
- The design of the structure
- Unreinforced stone or brick buildings are the most serious safety threats
- Nature of the material upon which the structure rests
• Factors that determine structural damage- Intensity of the earthquake
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Seismic Vibrations
Destruction from Earthquakes
Liquefaction• Saturated material turns fluid• Underground objects may float to surface
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Effects of Subsidence Due to Liquefaction
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Tsunamis
Destruction from Earthquakes
Cause of Tsunamis• A tsunami triggered by an earthquake occurs
where a slab of the ocean floor is displaced vertically along a fault.
• A tsunami also can occur when the vibration of a quake sets an underwater landslide into motion.
• Tsunami is the Japanese word for “seismic sea wave.”
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Movement of a Tsunami
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Tsunamis
Destrution due to Earthquake
• Large earthquakes are reported to Hawaii from Pacific seismic stations.
Tsunami Warning System
• Although tsunamis travel quickly, there is sufficient time to evacuate all but the area closest to the epicenter.
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Other Dangers
Destruction from Earthquakes
• With many earthquakes, the greatest damage to structures is from landslides and ground subsidence, or the sinking of the ground triggered by vibrations.
Landslides
• In the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, most of the destruction was caused by fires that started when gas and electrical lines were cut.
Fire
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Landslide Damage
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THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR WATCHING
JAWAD AHMED