Introduction to Earth ScienceChapter 1

STARTER: 02/01/11Copy and complete the following statements…

I have _________siblings.My favorite subject is_____________.My absolute favorite thing to do is come to

school and learn, but away from school, I really like to ______________________________________.

My favorite candy is ___________________.

Syllabus/Rules/Procedure Quiz1. How many competency goals are there in this course?2. True/False: If I retake a test, I can earn a 100 as my grade.3. Is late homework accepted?4. What does being prepared mean?5. Who dismisses class?6. Name one area that is off limits unless you have

permission.7. What happens if I see your cell phone?8. When does class begin?9. What should you do before you leave the classroom?10. How many bathroom passes do you have for the entire

semester?

1.1 What Is Earth ScienceKey Concepts

What is the study of Earth science?How did Earth and the solar system form?

VocabularyEarth scienceGeologyOceanographyMeteorologyAstronomy

geo- (Earth) astro- (outer space)-ology (study of)-ography (study of)-onomy (study of)

Notebook Assignment 1.1-1(Keep in notebook)Complete Inquiry Activity on page 1. Answer

questions 1-3

Overview of Earth ScienceEarth science is the group of sciences that deals with

Earth and its space neighborsGeology means “study of the Earth.”2 main divisions:

Physical geology is the study of the make up and formation of the Earth’s features.

Historical geology is the study of the Earth’s long history.

Compare and ContrastPhysical geology

Historical geology

Reading CheckpointWhat are the two main areas of geology?

Oceanography is the study of the oceans.Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere

and the processes that produce weather and climate.

Astronomy is the study of the universe.

Reading CheckpointWhat are the 4 main branches of Earth

science?

Formation of EarthThe nebular hypothesis suggests that the

bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. The nebula was made mostly of hydrogen and helium.

•Gravity pulls particles together. As they collide the form larger bodies.•Heavier elements formed the inner planets, while lighter elements were combined farther away as the outer planets.

Layers Form on Earth Heat released from radioactive elements caused

some of the interior to melt. Lighter rocky elements floated upward to form the

crust, while heavier elements sank to form the Earth’s core.

The gaseous substances that escaped during the formation of these layers eventually formed our atmosphere and oceans.

Notebook Assignment 1.1-2:Using Figure 3 on p. 4 for a visual

representation of the nebular hypothesis. Read the figure caption, then use the figure to describe the major steps in the nebular hypothesis in your own words.

Reading CheckpointWhy does the Earth have layers?

Classwork Assignment Complete Section 1.1

Assessment 1-7 on page 5. You do not have to write questions, however answer in complete sentences.

STARTER: 02/02/111. The science of __________________ is the

study of the universe.2. The study of the atmosphere and the

processes that produce weather and climate is ______________________ .

3. What does the word geology mean?4. What do oceanographers study?

1.1 Mini-Quiz1. What is the study of Earth

science?2. What are the two main areas of

geology?3. What are the 4 main branches of

Earth science?4. Why does the Earth have layers?5. How did the Earth and Solar

System form?

Using Figure 5 on page 7…Which of Earth’s features are visible from

space?

What does the color of the land that is visible tell you about the climate in those regions?

What other Earth features do you think would be visible from space?

Who might find images from space useful?

hydro- relates to water

atmos- relates to air

What do you think hydrosphere means?

What do you think atmosphere means?

1.2 A View Of EarthKey Concepts

What are the four major spheres of the Earth?What defined the three main parts of the solid

Earth?Which model explains the position of

continents and volcanoes and earthquakes?Vocabulary

Hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, core, mantle, crust

Group Assignment: (5 min)Write down any feature you see in your picture.

Example:-snow-clouds-trees-etc.

Earth’s Major SpheresThe Earth consists of four major spheres:

Hydrosphere Atmosphere Geosphere Biosphere

Hydrosphere Water portion of the Earth. 97% ocean water, 3% fresh water.

The 3% is groundwater, glaciers, streams, and lakes

Atmosphere Gaseous envelope around the Earth. Reaches 1000 km above the Earth. Protects us from radiation.

Geosphere The Earth beneath the atmosphere and oceans. Divided into the core, mantle and crust.

Biosphere All life on Earth. Organisms depend on and alter their environment.

With your group, determine which sphere each feature belongs to.

Reading CheckpointWhat are the four major spheres?

Notebook Assignment 1.2-1: True or False

The atmosphere contains all water on Earth.Groundwater is a part of Earth’s hydrosphere.Earth’s atmosphere does nothing to protect us

from the sun’s radiation.There is no crust under Earth’s oceans.Earth’s crust is the same thickness under land as

under water.The only layer of Earth that is solid is the crust.The biosphere affects all other spheres on Earth.

Group Activity (Honors)How have the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and

geosphere affected the biosphere?How have members of the biosphere affected

the geosphere?How have members of the biosphere affected

the hydrosphere and atmosphere?Does the biosphere influence the other spheres

more than the other spheres influence the biosphere. Explain your answer.

DRAW, COLOR, & LABELDraw, color and label Figure 6A & 6B on

page 8.

Plate TectonicsTwo forces affecting the Earth’s surface:

Destructive forces such as weathering and erosion Constructive forces such as volcanism and mountain

buildingPlate tectonics gave geologist a model to explain how

earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur, and how continents move.

Plate tectonics states that the lithosphere is divided into sections called plates.

These plates move across the surface due to the uneven heating within the Earth.

1.2 Classwork:Answer 1-6 and 8 using complete

sentences on page 10. Honors Only: Answer 1-6, 8 and

connecting concepts.

HOMEWORK: Draw labeled pictures illustrating each of Earth’s four major spheres: hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. Be sure to include Earth’s layers in your sketch of the solid Earth.

STARTER 02/03/11Think about a time that you

felt proud of yourself.

Tell me about it….

1.1/1.2 Quiz1. What is the study of Earth science?2. What are the two main areas of geology?3. What is the difference between

destructive forces and constructive forces?

4. What are the four major spheres?5. What are the 4 main branches of Earth

science?6. Why does the Earth have layers?7. How did the Earth and Solar System

form?

1.2 Mini-Quiz1. What are the four major spheres?2. What defines the three main parts of the

solid Earth?3. What is the difference between destructive

forces and constructive forces?4. What model explains the position of the

continents?5. Where is the crust thinnest?

!! EXTRA CREDIT !!http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scienc

e/terc/navigation/home.cfmInvestigationsChapter 1: How are Earth’s Spheres

Interacting?Complete steps 1-8 and answer questions

along the way on your own paper.Due date: 02/11/11

1.2 ReviewTerm Description1. hydrosphere a. all life-forms on Earth2. atmosphere b. composed of the core,

mantle, and crust

3. geosphere c. dense, heavy inner sphere of Earth

4. biosphere d. thin outside layer of Earth’s surface

5. core e. the water portion of Earth6. mantle f. the gaseous envelope

around Earth

7. crust g. located between the crust and core of Earth

POSTER TIME!!!Make a poster showing Earth’s layers and

Earth’s spheres. You should label their drawings with the following terms: crust, mantle, core, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere.

1.3 Representing Earth’s SurfaceKey Concepts

What lines on a globe are used to indicate location?What problems do mapmakers face when making

maps?How do topographic maps differ from other maps?

VocabularyLatitude, longitude, topographic map, contour line,

contour interval.

Determining LocationGlobal Grid

Latitude is the distance north or south of the equatorDrawn east to west but measures north and south

0⁰ latitude is the equatorLongitude is the distance east or west of the prime

meridianDrawn north to south but measures east to west0⁰ longitude is the prime meridian

1.What is the latitude and longitude of point D?

2. What major city is near point D?

3. If an earthquake occurred near point D, are people at point A likely to feel it? Why or why not?

GlobesGlobes show the relative sizes and

locations of major formations (continents and oceans)

If made large enough to show roads the globe would be too big to everyday use.

Where am I if I am at …?1. 30˚N, 30˚W

2. 15˚S, 45˚W

3. 60˚N, 150˚W

4. 30˚N, 90˚E

5. 15˚N, 15˚E

6. 75˚S, 0˚E

7. 30˚S, 135˚E

8. 60˚N, 105˚E

9. 35˚N, 80˚W

10. 45˚S, 135˚W

Maps and MappingMaps are flat representations of the Earth’s surface.No matter what kind of map is made, some portion of

the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place. Mapmakers have found ways to limit the distortions.

Different Projection Maps for Different PurposesWhich projection you use depends on the intended

use

Mercator Projection

Robinson Projection

Conic Projections

Gnomonic Projections

-Longitude are parallel causing size and distance to be distorted

-Shows direction accurately

-Used by seagoing navigators

-Most distorted near the poles

-Most widely used.

-Shows most distances, sizes and shapes accurately

-Most distorted around edges

-Are made by wrapping a cone of paper around a globe at a particular line of latitude.

-Most distorted farther from the latitude

-Used for making road maps and weather maps.

-A piece of paper touches the globe at a single point

-Distances and directions are distorted on these maps

-Used by sailors because they show the shortest distance between two points.

STARTER 09/01/10: Copy the Chart in your notes.

– Mercator Projection• Longitude are parallel causing size and distance to be distorted• Shows direction accurately• Used by seagoing navigators• Most distorted near the poles

– Robinson Projection• Most widely used.• Shows most distances, sizes and shapes accuratley• Most distorted around edges

– Conic Projections• Are made by wrapping a cone of paper around a globe

at a particular line of latitude.• Most distorted farther from the latitude• Used for making road maps and weather maps.

– Gnomonic Projections• A piece of paper touches the globe at a single point• Distances and directions are distorted on these maps• Used by sailors because they show the shortest

distance between two points.

Topographic MapsTopographic maps use contour lines to show

elevation.

Contour Lines Every point on the same contour line is the same elevation. The contour interval = the difference between two

adjacent lines. Lines that are close together = steep relief, lines that are

farther apart = gentle relief. Contour lines NEVER cross.

Reading CheckpointHow do topographic maps indicate changes

in elevation?

Contour lines on a topographic map.

Hachure lines represent depressions.

Scale A distance on the map represents a distance in the

real world. Example: 1:24,000 means that 1 unit = 24,000 units

in the real world The bar scale allows you to use a ruler to measure

scaled distances.

Geologic Maps Maps that show the type and age of rocks crop out

of the surface.

Advanced TechnologyToday’s technology provides us with the ability

to more precisely analyze Earth’s physical properties.

Remote Sensing is the process of collecting data about the Earth from a distance.

1.3 Section AssessmentAnswer 1-7 on page 17 using complete

sentences.

Starter 1.3 Review 1. What lines on a globe are used to indicate

location?2. What major problem must mapmakers

overcome?3. How do topographic maps indicate changes

in elevation?

Latitude and Longitude Review1. the distance north or

south of the equator____

2. the distance east or westof the prime meridian____

3. the line of latitudearound the middleof the globe at 0 degrees____

4. the line of longitudeat 0 degrees____

5. the two hemispheresformed by the equator____

6. the two hemispheresmeridian and the180° meridian____

7. a spherical modelof Earth____

a. longitudeb. globec. eastern, westernd. prime meridiane. northern, southernf. latitudeg. equator

1.4 Earth System ScienceKey Concepts

How is Earth a system?What is a system?Where does the energy come form that powers

Earth’s systems?How do humans affect Earth’s systems?What makes a resource renewable or nonrenewable?

VocabularySystem

What do you think the term means?

closed system open system

What is a SystemViewing the Earth as a planet with separate but

interactive parts is called Earth system science. A system can be any size group of interacting parts that

form a complex whole.Most natural systems are driven by sources of

energy that move matter and/or energy from one place to another. Closed system: only energy can enter or leave Open system: energy and matter can enter or leave.

Earth as a SystemThe Earth system is powered by the sun and

the Earth’s interior. The sun drives external processes that occur in the

atmosphere, hydrosphere, and Earth’s surface The Earth’s interior drives internal processes such

as volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.

Parts of the Earth system are linked so that a change in one part can produce changes in any or all other parts.

Notebook Assignment 1.4-1: Comparing and Contrasting

Make a comparison chart, starting with the definition of each type of system. Think of other analogies between human-made and natural systems. Classify each system as either an open or closed system.

Open System Closed System

Definition

Examples

People and the EnvironmentEnvironment refers to everything (living or

nonliving) that surrounds and influences an organism.

Environmental science is the study of relationships between people and the natural environment.

Resources Renewable can be replaced in a relatively short

time. Nonrenewable either cannot be replaced or cannot

be replaced in a reasonable time.

Population As population grows so does the demand on limited

resources.

Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental problems can be local, regional,

and global.Significant threats to the environment include

air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming.

Concept MapCreate a concept map showing how a

volcanic eruption (an event of the geosphere) can cause changes in all the other spheres (hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere).

1.4 Section AssessmentUsing complete sentences answer 1-8 and on

page 22

HOMEWORK: Study for Chapter 1 Vocabulary Quiz

1.4 Mini-Quiz1. What is Earth system science?2. How do we know that Earth’s systems are

connected?3. What are examples of nonliving

environmental factors?4. How do humans affect Earth’s systems?5. How do renewable and nonrenewable

resources differ?

STARTER: 02/07/11Complete Reading Strategy on page 23

1.5 What is Scientific Inquiry?Key Concepts

What is a hypothesis?What is a theory?

VocabularyHypothesisTheory

Science is based on two assumptions:The natural world behaves in a predictable

mannerThrough systematic study we can understand

and explain the natural world behavior.

HypothesisData is gathered from observations. Scientist then need to explain the data with a

possible explanation or hypothesis.Before a hypothesis is accepted it must be

tested. If the hypothesis fails rigorous testing then it is

discarded If data support the hypothesis then it is passed to

the next round of testing.

TheoryA scientific theory is well tested and widely

accepted by the scientific community and best explains certain observable facts.

A scientific law describes an observed event.

Scientific MethodsAn organized system for solving problems or

gaining new knowledge Basic steps are:

Observation and measurement The development of one or more hypothesis to

explain facts Development of experiments to test hypothesis Acceptance, modification, or rejection of hypothesis

based on results

CLASSWORK1.4 Section Assessment on page 22, 1-5

(HONORS: 1-8)

1.5 Section Assessment on page 24, 1-5, (HONORS: 1-7)

All questions must be answered in complete sentences.HOMEWORK:

Study for Chapter 1 Test

STARTER 02/09/11:Put in the Correct order…ConclusionProblem/QuestionDevelop ExperimentCommunicate ResultsObservation/ResearchCollect and Analyze ResultsFormulate a hypothesis

Earth sciencegeologyoceanographymeteorologyastronomyhydrosphereatmospheregeospherebiosphereCore

mantleCrustlatitudelongitudetopographic mapcontour linecontour intervalSystemHypothesistheory

Studying Earth From Space (25)How are some ways scientific facts are gathered?What is ASTER and acronym for?What kind of information can ASTER provide?What is Figure 23 depicting?What colors indicate the presence of carbonate,

sulfate, and chloride minerals?What are the bright red areas dominated by?Based on the information given on what the colors

indicate, what is the composition of the most distant mountains in the image?

What do you think this image would look like in true color?

STARTER: 1.5 Review1. What is a hypothesis?2. What must happen to a hypothesis before it

is accepted?3. What is a theory?4. How does a hypothesis become a theory?5. What is a scientific method?