Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
-
Upload
mic-memoracion-magtangob -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
1/53
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTIONTO
COMPUTERS
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
2/53
The Digital RevolutionWhere can you fnd
computers?
Computers are everywhere
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
3/53
The Digital Revolution
What is computer literacy?
I you are computer literate, you have knowledge and understanding o
computers and their uses
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
4/53
What Is a Computer?
What is a computer? n electronic machine,
operating under thecontrol o instructionsstored in its own memory
accepts data
manipulates the dataaccording to specifedrules
produces results
stores the results oruture use
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
5/53
Data
Collection of raw
unprocessed
facts, figures,and symbols
Information
Data that is
organized,
meaningful,
and useful
What is a Computer?What are data and inormation?
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
6/53
What is a Computer?
Who is a user?
!omeone that
communicates with acomputer
!omeone who uses theinormation it generates
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
7/53
"#amples o Computer$sage
What is the digital divide? Idea that you canseparate people othe world into twodistinct groups
Those who haveaccess totechnology withthe a%ility to use it
Those who do nothave access totechnology or arewithout the a%ilityto use it
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
8/53
SoftwareThe series of
instructions that
tells the hardware
how to performtasks
ardware
The electric,
electronic, andmechanical e!uipment
that makes up a
computer
What is a Computer?What are hardware and sotware?
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
9/53
Input"ny data orinstructions you
enter into a
computer
#utput
Data that has
been processed
into informationStorage"rea in a
computer that
can hold data
and information
for future use
Communication
The capability of
communicatingwith other
computers
What is a Computer?
What is theinormation
processingcycle?
$rocess
%anipulate theinput &data' to
produce output
&information'
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
10/53
Advantages and Disadvantagesof a Computer
Computers can enlarge man&s%rainpower %ecause o the ollowing
advantagesand properties which hadlead to the human or superhumanimages created a%out it'
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
11/53
1 A!i"it# to Perform Certain $ogi%
Operations' Computers are sym%olmanipulators' It can manipulate inlogical ways letter, num%ers, words,sentences, mathematical e#pressions
and other sym%ols to which peoplehave given meaning' It is a%le toperorm a simple comparison and
then, depending on the result, ollowone o two or more predetermined%ranches or courses o action' This
simple a%ility to compare is an
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
12/53
& A!i"it# to Provide Ne' TimeDimensions' The computer works onestep at a time) it adds and su%tractsnum%ers) it multiplies and divides
num%ers) and it can %e programmed toperorm other mathematicaloperations' What is signifcant is the
speed with which the computer canperorm them' The computer is so astthat is saves a tremendous amount o
time'
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
13/53
( A!i"it# to Store and RetrieveInformation' The computer stores ininternal storage %oth acts and
instructions' The ease with whichinstructions can %e changed gives thecomputer great *e#i%ility ' The accesstime re(uired or inormation to %e
recalled rom internal storage and %eavaila%le or use is measured inmicroseconds or more precise units' +ewmachines that are used %y man have thisstored program a%ility'
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
14/53
) A!i"it# to %ontro" error It has%een estimated that a person wouldmake one error in every --. /---
operations with a desk calculator' computer can perorm hundreds o
thousands o arithmetic operations
every second and can run error less orhours and days at a time'
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
15/53
* A!i"it# to C+e%, Itse"fComputers
have the a%ility to check its own work'0y a method known as parity checking,computers check on data when theyenter storage, when they are movedinternally, and when they leave in theorm o output' The parity checkperormed %y the computer involves
the e#amination o each character&scode to determine whether %its have%een added or lost %y mistake
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
16/53
$imitations or Disadvantages-
/' Cannot replace a human %rain'
1' Works only on stored procedures
and cannot think on its own'2' 3ot all comple# calculations can %e
solves through computers'
4' computer cannot generateinormation on its own'
' computer cannot correct wrong
instruction'
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
17/53
The Components o a Computer
What are common computer hardware components?
printer
scanner
speakerPC camera
microphonedigital camera
system unit
keyboard
modem
speaker
monitor
mouse
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
18/53
The Components o a Computer
What is an input device? ny hardware component that allows a user to enter data and instructions into a
computer
scanner
microphone
keyboard
mouse
PC camera
digital
camera
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
19/53
The Components o a Computer
What is an output device? ny hardware component that can convey inormation to a user
printer
monitor speakers
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
20/53
The Components o a Computer
What is the system unit ?
!ometimes called a chassis
%o#.like case made rom metalor plastic that protects theinternal electronic components othe computer rom damage
Circuitry in the system unitusually is part o or is connectedto a circuit %oard called themother%oardNext
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
21/53
The Components o a Computer
What is storage? 5olds data, instructions, and inormation or uture use
Storage De(ice
)ecords and
retrie(es items to
and from a storage
medium
De(ices often
function as source of
input because they
transfer items from
storage into memory
Storage %edium
$hysical material
on which a
computer keepsthe data,
instructions and
informationNext
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
22/53
Speed*illions of
operations canbe carried out
in a singlesecond
Why Is a Computer !o 6owerul?
What characteristics make a computer
powerul?Storage
+normous amounts of
data can be stored and
made a(ailable for
processing anytime it isneeded
)eliability
Dependable because
components ha(e a
low failure rate sothey produce
consistent results
"ccuracy
If data is entered correctlyand program works properly,
the results are errorfree -
garbage in, garbage out
&.I.#'accuracy of output
depends on accuracy ofinput
Communications
Two connected
computers can share
stored data, instructions,
and informationNext
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
23/53
Categories o ComputersWhat are the categories o computers?
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
24/53
Two ma/orcategories
Desktop
Notebook
%icroprocessor
The single chip
that performs
all the
processing
functions on apersonal
computer
6ersonal ComputersWhat is a personal computer?
computer that can perorm all o its input,processing, output, and storage activities %y itsel
Contains at least
#ne Inputde(ice
#ne output
de(ice
#ne storagede(ice
%emory
" processorNext
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
25/53
6ersonal ComputersWhat are the two most popular series opersonal computers?
The $C and compatibles use
the 0indows operatingsystem
The "pple %acintosh usesthe %acintosh operating
system &%ac #S'
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
26/53
6ersonal ComputersWhat is a desktop computer?
Designed so thesystem unit, input
devices, outputdevices, and anyother devices ft
entirely on orunder a desk orta%le
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
27/53
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
28/53
6ersonal Computers
What are somedesktop computervariations? Tower model
Tall andnarrowsystem unit
that can siton the *oorvertically
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
29/53
6ersonal Computers
What are somedesktop computervariations?ll.in.one
computer 7ess e#pensive
desktop thatcom%ines the
monitor andsystem unitinto a single
device
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
30/53
6ersonal Computers
What are somedesktop computervariations? Workstation
8ore e#pensive and powerul
desktop designed or work thatre(uires intense calculationsand graphics capa%ilities
!tand.alone Can perorm the inormation
processing cycle operationswithout %eing connected to a
network
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
31/53
6ersonal Computers
What are somedesktop computervariations?
!erver 6owerul desktop that
manages theresources on anetwork
Clients or workstations
9ther computers onnetwork that accessthe contents o thestorage area on theserversNext
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
32/53
6ersonal ComputersWhat is a note%ook computer?
lso called a
laptop 6orta%le,
personalcomputer small
enough to ft onyour lap
:enerally more
e#pensive than adesktopcomputer withe(ual
capa%ilities
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
33/53
5andheld ComputersWhat is a handheld computer?
lso called apalmtop computer
!mall computer thatfts in your hand
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
34/53
5andheld Computers
5ow do you input data witha handheld computer?
#thers use a stylus
" stylus looks like a
ballpoint pen, but
uses pressure,instead of ink to write
Some ha(e small
keyboards
Some support (oice
inputNext
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
35/53
5andheld ComputersWhat is a personal digital assistant;6D
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
36/53
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
37/53
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
38/53
Internet ppliancesWhat is an Internet appliance orinormation appliance?
Computerwith limitedunctionalitywhose mainpurpose is to
connect tothe Internetrom homeNext
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
39/53
8ainrame
mainframe is a large, e#pensive,powerul computer that can handlehundreds or thousands o connected
users simultaneously' 8ainramesstore tremendous amounts o data,instructions, and inormation' 8ost
ma>or corporations use mainrames or%usiness activities' With mainrames,enterprises are a%le to %ill millions o
customers, prepare payroll or
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
40/53
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
41/53
!upercomputersWhat is a supercomputer?
+astest, most powerul computer
"ble to
processmore than 12
trillion
instructions
per second
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
42/53
!upercomputer
super%omputer is the astest, mostpowerul computer and the moste#pensive' The astest supercomputers are
capa%le o processing more than one(uadrillion instructions in a single second'With weights that e#ceed /-- tons, thesecomputers can store more than 1-,---
times the data and inormation o anaverage desktop computer' pplicationsre(uiring comple#, sophisticatedmathematical calculations use
supercomputers' 7arge.scale simulations
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
43/53
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
44/53
"#amples o Computer
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
45/53
Large Business
"#amples o Computer$sage
What are fve categories o computer users?
HomeMobile
Small Office/Home Office
Power
Next
"#amples o Computer
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
46/53
"#amples o Computer$sage
What sotware is availa%le or a home user?
researchfinance and business
management
0eb accessentertainment
Next
"#amples o Computer
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
47/53
"#amples o Computer$sage
5ow do computer companiesaccommodate children?
8any manuacturers design specialhardware or children
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
48/53
Directs
computer to
perform
alternati(e
operations
$rints a
report
Stores
information
on disk
Computer !otwareWhat is a computer program?
series o instructions that tells the hardware o a computer what to do
"llows you
to input data
and stores it
in memory
3ses data inmemory in
calculations
Displaysinformation
on monitor
Compares(alues stored
in memory
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
49/53
Computer !otwareWhat is sotware installation? !ome programs can %e
loaded directly rompurchased media,others must %e
installed Install means part or
all o the instructionsare copied rom thepurchased media ontothe computer&s harddisk %eore theprogram can %e used
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
50/53
Computer !otwareWhat is system sotware?
6rograms that control the operations o the computer and its devices
#perating System
S'
Set of programs
containing instructionsthat coordinate all the
acti(ities among
computer hardware
de(ices
3tility program
Type of system
software that performsa specific task, usually
related to managing a
computer, its de(ices,
or its programsNext
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
51/53
Computer !otwareWhat is the user interace?
Determines how youinteract withsotware
$sed to control howyou enter data andinstructions
$sed to control how
inormation displayson the screen
Next
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
52/53
Computer !otwareWhat is a graphical user interace
;:$I
-
7/26/2019 Introduction to Computers (Chapter 1)
53/53
Computer !otwareWhat is application sotware?
6rograms that perorm specifc tasks or users
0ord
processing
software
Spreadsheet
software
Database
software
$resentation
graphics
software
Suite
Collection of popular
indi(idual software
applications bundled
together as a single unit
Spreadsheet
software
Database
software
$resentation
graphics
software
0ord
processing
software
Next