Introduction to computer architecture and organization
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Transcript of Introduction to computer architecture and organization
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Introduction to Computer Architecture and Organization
Topic
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The architecture of a computer is the interface between the machine and the software.
Deals with the functional behavior of a computer system as viewed by programmer (like the size of a data type – 32 bits to an integer).
Logical aspects of system implementation as seen by the programmer.
E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats, data types, addressing modes.
Computer architecture
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Deals with structural relationships that are not visible to the programmer(like clock frequency or the size of the physical memory).
All physical aspects of computer systems,
E.g. circuit design, control signals, memory types
Computer organization
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Design better programs, including system software such as compilers, operating systems, and device drivers.
Optimize program behavior. Evaluate computer system performance. Understand time, space, and price tradeoffs
Why study computer organization and architecture?
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Computer Architecture = ISA+CO
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
the computer does (logical view)
Computer Organization (CO)
the ISA is implemented (physical view)
What is Computer Architecture
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Critical interface between hardware and software Standardizes instructions, machine language bit
patterns, etc. Advantage: different implementations of the same
architecture Disadvantage: sometimes prevents using new
innovations
Instruction Set Architecture
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Examples (versions) Introduced in
Intel (8086, 80386, Pentium, ...) 1978 IBM Power (Power 2, 3, 4, 5) 1985 HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986 MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V) 1986 Sun Sparc (v8, v9) 1987 Digital Alpha(v1, v3) 1992 PowerPC (601, 604, …) 1993
continue
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CPUs: the heart of computing systems
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Inside microprocessor
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Accumulator architecture Stack Register (load store) Register-Memory Memory-Memory
Other architecture styles
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Other architecture styles
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Accumulator architecture
one operand (in register or memory), accumulator almost always implicitly used Stack
zero operand: all operands implicit (on TOS) Register (load store)
three operands, all in registers
Loads and stores are the only instructions accessing memory (i.e. with a memory (indirect) addressing mode Register-Memory
two operands, one in memory Memory-Memory
three operands, may be all in memory
Other architecture styles
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