Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy By...

Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy By Masayuki Sato Lecture Nine The Philosophy of Transformation and Oneness: The Book of Zhuangzi CC 2.5 The Work under the Creative Commons Taiwan 2.5 License of BY-NC-SA.

Contents of Todays Lecture 1/2 (1) The Origin of Philosophical Daoism (2) On the text and its author(s) (3) The Main Arguments: a.) Original nothingness/oneness b.) Concept of Heaven (tian ) and man (ren ) c.) Qualities of different strata of human beings d.) Concept of Transformation (wuhua )

Contents of Todays Lecture 2/2 e.) The path for the mastery of the Way (4) A Comparison the Main Arguments in the Book of Laozi and the Book of Zhuangzi (5) Supplemental discussion: The Zhuangzis philosophy and the movie of Hayao Miyazaki (6) Questions for further discussion

A few introductory remarks The Book of Zhuangzi exhibits a genius talent for its use of imaginary dialogue and allegory. It intends to destroy completely our understanding on standard and value orientation to see and think of our world. A main motif in these dialogue and allegory is that human beings is minute. Its content is truly philosophical exactly in the sense that Nietzsches work can be called so.

On the text and its author (s) The life of the author

Sima Qians description on Zhuangzis life and book Zhuangzi lived in a town of Meng (in the state of Song). He has worked as a lacquer farm manager. He lived during the reign of King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi. His argument covers almost all topics, yet they were written on the basis of the Laozis thought. His book consists of approximately a hundred thousand words are in general imaginary, metaphoric fables, which criticized doctrine of Confucianism. National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

About the text Sima Qian enumerates three chapters, i.e., Yufu Daozhi and Quqie as Zhuangzis own work. Later, Guo Xiang (d. 312) compiled it into the present form, which consists of three groups, namely, Inner Chapters, Outer Chapters and Mischellaneous Chapters. Guo himself believed that the contents of Inner Chapter could represent Zhuangzis own thought.

Implication from the description of his life and the formation of the text The life of Zhuangzi can be conjectured almost only from patchy descriptions in the Book of Zhuangzi. Yet, judging by a number of dialogues with a sophist thinker, Hui Shi , we can assume that he lived during the same age with Mencius. To the extent that the order of present text has been made by Guo Xiang, who lived six hundred years later, its present order cannot means the representation of its authorship. The last chapter (Tianxia Chapter) was obviously written by his follower, and is one of most well-written comprehensive critique on the Warring State thought.

Characteristics of Thought: original nothingness and chaos=oneness Just as the Laozi, the Zhuangzi also exalts original state from which the universe came into being. Yet, in contrast with the Laozis which emphasizes the creativity, The Zhuangzis original state contains four level of meanings: wu (nothingness), weiyou (pre-existence) shi (original chaos) yi (oneness). The Zhuangzi names it Hundun (Chaos)

Original nothingness

Original nothingness Among the men of old their knowledge reached the extreme point. What was that extreme point? Some held that at first there was not anything. This is the extreme point, the utmost point to which nothing can be added. A second class held that there was something, but without any responsive recognition of it (on the part of men). A third class held that there was such recognition, but there had not begun to be any expression of different opinions about it.

Original Chaos or oneness

Original Chaos or oneness Terms shu and hu both meant instantly for short, quick Hundun (chaos) meant whirlpool or vortex

Original Chaos or oneness The Ruler of the Southern Ocean was Shu, the Ruler of the Northern Ocean was Hu, and the Ruler of the Centre was Chaos. Shu and Hu were continually meeting in the land of Chaos, who treated them very well. They consulted together how they might repay his kindness, and said, 'Men all have seven orifices for the purpose of seeing, hearing, eating, and breathing, while this (poor) Ruler alone has not one. Let us try and make them for him. Accordingly they dug one orifice in him every day; and at the end of seven days Chaos died.

Contrast between two worlds Eternal, non-existent, infinite, chaotic character of ideal/ancient/ultimate world vs. Transcient, existing only in very limited time and space, articulated character of our world

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi The Ruler of the Centre was Chaos. Accordingly they dug one orifice in him every day; and at the end of seven days Chaos died. Chaos Beginning of the history of human being

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi Splitting into Heavens and human spheres chaos Sphere of Heaven Infinite nature history As historical degradation proceeded, chaos has splited into two spheres: Heaven and human National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi Splitting into Heavens and human spheres Chaos Sphere of human Action and finite Sphere of Heaven Natural and infinite articulation National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi Sphere of Heaven Sphere of human Articulated world National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi The sphere of Heaven The sphere of Humans The articulated world National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The distinction between Heanvely and Human Spheres What is heavenly and what is humans? Beihairuo answered: (All) cow and horse (naturally) have all four legs. That can be called heavenly. Human beings push horse head down, and pierce the nose of cows can be humans deed.

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi Sphere of Heaven Sphere of human The articulated world National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi The Sphere of Heaven The Sphere of Humans The articulated world National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The distinction between Heanvely and Human Spheres Exhibiting its nature as non-action thus being reverent can be called the Way of Heaven; Exhibiting its nature as doing thus incurring troubles can be called the way of man

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi The Sphere of Heaven The Sphere of humans Ideal Personality in the Zhuangzi Mind practice National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The distinction between Heanvely and Human Spheres Thus, Do not extinguish the sphere of heaven by expanding that of man; Do not disregard fate by speculating cause and reason. Those who does not have the spheres of heaven and man confront with each other, e can be called true man.

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi Sphere of Heaven Sphere of Humans Ideal personality in the Zhuangzi Mind practice Sitting in forgetness National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi Realm of Heaven Realm of Human MP SF Skill for protecting life Ideal personality in the Zhuangzi National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi Sphere of Heaven Realm of Human Minimization of the realm of Humans Maximization of realm of Heaven National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi Going out from the realm of humans to roaming around the realm of Heaven Minimization of the realm of Humans Maximization of realm of Heaven National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi Going out from the realm of humans to roaming around the realm of Heaven Minimization of the realm of Humans National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi (Everything constitutes One) (Purposeless roaming) Going out of the sphere of human National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi (Everything constitutes One) (Purposeless roaming) Going out from the realm of humans to loaming around the realm of Heaven National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

Characteristics of Thought: Division of [the sphere of] Heaven and human beings Those characteristics which have been bestowed by nature called Tian (heaven) The meaning of Heaven has changed from anthropomorphic god into natural process or power which decides attributes of things and all creatures.

Human beings vs. heaven ( ) ( Qiushui )

What do you mean, pursued the earl, by the Heavenly, and by the Human? Ruo replied, Oxen and horses have four feet - that is what I call their Heavenly (constitution). When horses heads are haltered, and the noses of oxen are pierced, that is what I call (the doing of) Man. Hence it is said, Do not by the Human (doing) extinguish the Heavenly (constitution); do not for your (Human) purpose extinguish the appointment (of Heaven); do not bury your (proper) fame in (such) a pursuit of it; carefully guard (the Way) and do not lose it: this is what I call reverting to your True (Nature).

Characteristics of Thought: Infinity and Non-distinction The Zhuangzi argues that the realm of heaven exhibits its characteristics as infinite and non- distinctive, contrasted with the spheres of things and all creatures as trivial. Things (musical instruments): it stays in its unlimited state if it is not played. All creatures spring out from and vanish into the infinite process of natural providence.

Completeness of the Way

Completeness of the Way It was through the definite expression of different opinions about it that there ensued injury to (the perfection of) the Dao. It was this injury to the (perfection of) the Dao which led to the formation of (partial) preferences. [] Such formation and injure appears during the state when master Zhao play the lute. If master Zhao does not play, such formation and injury would not occur. The Qiwulun chapter

Zhuangzis view on human qualities The strata of human society

Zhuangzi s view on Human qualities ( )

Not to be separate from his primal source constitutes what we call the Heavenly man; not to be separate from the essential nature thereof constitutes what we call the Miraculous man; not to be separate from its real truth constitutes what we call the Perfect man. Levels of super human

Levels of human/sage To regard Heaven as his primal Source, Its Attributes as the Root (of his nature), and the Dao as the Gate (by which he enters into this inheritance), (knowing also) the prognostics given in change and transformation, constitutes what we call the Sagely man. To regard benevolence as (the source of all) kindness, righteousness as (the source of all) distinctions, propriety as (the rule of) all conduct, and music as (the idea of) all harmony, thus diffusing a fragrance of gentleness and goodness, constitutes what we call the Superior man.

Level of ordinary man To regard laws as assigning the different (social) conditions, their names as the outward expression (of the social duties), the comparison of subjects as supplying the grounds of evidence, investigation as conducting to certainty, so that things can be numbered as first, second, third, fourth (and so on): (this is the basis of government). Its hundred offices are thus arranged; business has its regular course; the great matters of clothes and food are provided for; cattle are fattened and looked after; the (government) stores are filled; the old and weak, orphans and solitaries, receive anxious consideration: in all these ways is provision made for the nourishment of the people.

Zhuangzi s view on Human beings (heavenly man) (miraculous man) (perfect man) (sagely man) (superior man) (minor government officials) (multitude/ruled people)

Zhuangzi s view on Human beings heavenly man miraculous man Perfect man Sagely man superior man minor officials ruled people heavenly man miraculous man perfect man sagely man superior man minor officials people

Zhuangzi s view on Human beings heavenly man miraculous man perfect man sagely man superior man minor officials people

Zhuangzi s view on Human beings heavenly man miraculous man perfect man -------------- sagely man superior man -------------- minor officials people

Zhuangzi s view on Human beings Hierarchy of human socieoty sage ruled people superior man perfect man Miraculous man Heavenly man minor officials National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

Zhuangzi s view on Human beings Hierarchy of human socieoty sage ruled people superior man perfect man Miraculous man Heavenly man minor officials Ideal realm Middle realm The state of actual people National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

Zhuangzi s view on Human beings Hierarchy of human socieoty sage ruled people superior man perfect man Miraculous man Heavenly man minor officials Ideal realm in the Zhuangzi Ideal realm in Confucianism The state of actual people National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

Zhuangzi s view on Human beings Hierarchy of human socieoty sage superior man perfect man Miraculous man Heavenly man Ideal realm in the Zhuangzi Ideal realm in Confucianism Recovery of the Assimilation into Heaven

Recovery of the Assimilation into Heaven

Return to chaos / oneness

The Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi Zhuangzi s idea of transformation (wuhua ) is used in the following two senses: (1) The unlimited kinds of transformation which can be happened in the Idealistic realm in the philosophy of the Zhuangzi. (2) Various kinds of transformation among creatures in the actual world which consist the chain between life and death, and death and life.

The Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1) (1) The first and ultimate sense of Zhuangzis transformation This transformation can happan in the idealistic realm of Zhuangzis philosophy. It transpass the limitation of space and time, any form of existence.

The Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1) In the Northern Ocean there is a fish, the name of which is Kun - I do not know how many li in size. It changes into a bird with the name of Peng, the back of which is (also) - I do not know how many li in extent. When this bird rouses itself and flies, its wings are like clouds all round the sky.

The Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

T he Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

Zhuang Zhous dream of butterfly Formerly, I, Zhuang Zhou, dreamt that I was a butterfly, a butterfly flying about, feeling that it was enjoying itself. I did not know that it was Zhou. Suddenly I awoke, and was myself again, the veritable Zhou. I did not know whether it had formerly been Zhou dreaming that he was a butterfly, or it was now a butterfly dreaming that it was Zhou. But between Zhou and a butterfly there must be a difference. This is a case of what is called the Transformation of Things.

The Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (2) The other kind of the transformation denotes the process of death and life among different kinds of creatures in the actual world. This actual world is conceived of as the articulated world which has been degenerated from the original state of chaos.

Transformation in the actual world The yang-xi uniting with a bamboo, which has long ceased to put forth sprouts, produces the qing- ning; the qing-ning, the panther; the panther, the horse; and the horse, the man. Man then again enters into the great Machinery (of Evolution), from which all things come forth (at birth), and which they enter at death.

The Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi Transformation through death and life The actual world after chaos has degenerated and articulated. chaos other creatures Human beings life death National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi Transformation through death and life The actual world after chaos has degenerated and articulated. chaos other creatures Human beings life death Human being cannot control transformation National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi life death Human being cannot control transformation Human being only live and die in this process National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Idea of Transformation in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi Those who know the happiness by heaven, live according to the process of heaven, and die in that of transformation. The life of sagely man live in natural process, and die in that of transformation.

Heavenly process and transformation The sphere of heaven Life in the process of heaven National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

Heavenly process and transformation The sphere of heaven The life in the process of heaven Other creatures Human beings The death in the transformation National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

Heavenly process and transformation The sphere of heaven The life in the process of heaven Other creatures Human beings The death in the transformation Let all the process be in natural process National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

Transformation and Interchangeability: Wuhua Zhuangzis idea of Wanwu qitong (All things and creatures exist in oneness) suggests his two worldviews: (1) All things and creatures are in their process of transformation. (2) All things can be interchangeable beyond between time and space; awaken and dreamed states; among different creatures; death and life.

The path for the mastery of the Way Then, how can a person participate in this process and transform her/himself into the part of it? Theoretically speaking, minute human being must not have such an ablity. However, the Zhuangzis answer is ambivalent between his intuitive advocacy for non-action and a number of descriptive manual of deliberate training.

Xinzhai (Fast of mind/heart)

The fasting of mind I venture to ask what that fasting of the mind is? said Hui, and Zhongni (i.e., Confucius) answered, Maintain a perfect unity in every movement of your will, You will not wait for the hearing of your ears about it, but for the hearing of your mind. You will not wait even for the hearing of your mind, but for the hearing of the spirit. Let the hearing (of the ears) rest with the ears. Let the mind rest in the verification (of the rightness of what is in the will).

The fasting of mind But the spirit is free from all pre-occupation and so waits for (the appearance of) things. Where the (proper) course is, there is freedom from all pre- occupation; such freedom is the fasting of the mind. Hui said, Before it was possible for me to employ (this method), there I was, the Hui that I am; now, that I can employ it, the Hui that I was has passed away. Can I be said to have obtained this freedom from pre-occupation? The Master replied, Entirely.

Training for mastery When Confucius was on his way to Chu, as he issued from a forest, he saw a hunchback receiving cicadas (on the point of a rod), as if he were picking them up with his hand. You are clever! said he to the man. Is there any method in it? The hunchback replied, There is. For five or six months, I practised with two pellets, till they never fell down, and then I only failed with a small fraction of the cicadas (which I tried to catch). Having succeeded in the same way with three (pellets), I missed only one cicada in ten. Having succeeded with five, I caught the cicadas as if I were gathering them.

The state of mastery My body is to me no more than the stump of a broken trunk, and my shoulder no more than the branch of a rotten tree. Great as heaven and earth are, and multitudinous as things are, I take no notice of them, but only of the wings of my cicadas; neither turning nor inclining to one side. I would not for them all exchange the wings of my cicadas - how should I not succeed in taking them? Confucius looked round, and said to his disciples, Where the will is not diverted from its object, the spirit is concentrated - this might have been spoken of this hunchback gentleman.

The main arguments in the Philosophy in the The Laozi and The Zhuangzi Laozi Zhuangzi

The main arguments in the Philosophy in the The Laozi and The Zhuangzi (1) Both presents the Concept of Dao : The origin of universe and the master of the world, which cannot be known, nor be spoken by any language (2) Both presuppose that the world should be in the process of change (bianhua ) and all living creatures are transient in such process. (3) The Zhuangzi attempts to demonstrate the sheer contrast between infinite and omnipotent power of Heaven (tian ) and minute and vain existence of human beings. (4) The articulation of the concept of nothingness (wu ) and non-action (wuwei )

The main arguments in the Philosophy in the The Laozi and The Zhuangzi (5) The Laozi admires maternal power as the source of procreation and the condition of the existence of things. (6) The Zhuangzi argues that everything including human beings constitute the inseparable oneness. (7) The Zhuangzi cherishes life, yet does not cling to it. (8) The Zhuangzi claims that in order to reach the aforementioned realm, a person should involve him/herself into body/mind training.

The condition for ruling the world in the philosophy of the Laozi The level of principle The person who can reach the power of generating The person who can follow the rule of revolution of Heaven and providence of earth The person who can control the change of the world The level of adoption The person who can nourish one own body and heart/mind The person who can stand at the position of humble part. The person who can rule without verbal ordinance.

The condition for ruling the world in the philosophy of the Laozi The level of principle The person who can reach the power of generating The person who can follow the rule of revolution of Heaven and providence of earth The person who can control the change of the world The level of adoption The person who can nourish one own body and heart/mind The person who can stand at the position of humble part. The person who can rule without verbal ordinance. The condition for the ruling the world Does the philosophy of Zhuangzi not have any implication for becoming ruler in the sphere of human world ?

Zhuangzis philosophy and the movie of Hayao Miyazaki 11. A sheer contrast between extravagant power of natural world and triviality of bdevices produced by human civilization or science 22. Interchangeablity/transformation of different objects and spheres (e.g. god/human animal/evil spirit; beautyugry; good character harmful) 33. nostagia for the past: original / nave vs. degradation 44. virtue and wisdom in ugliness or in the stage of ending of life (e.g. old lady) 55. metaphor of big tree Wiki Rror

Questions for further discussion 1. Is the philosophy of the Zhuangzi skeptical against all issues or affirmative for something absolute (e.g. creator)? 2. Does it present for method for longevity or preach our reconciliation with death? 3. Does it request us to do nothing or to engage oneself with deliberate training for attaining the mastery of the Way?

Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy Thank you very much ! Thank you very much ! Lecture Nine The Philosophy of Transformation and Oneness: The Book of Zhuangzi

WorkLicensing Author/ Source Wiki user: Mladifilozof http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trang_tu.jpeg 2011/11/16 visited 66 National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato 11 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/adjustment-of- controversies, edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by James Legge, and used in accordance with the FAQ of Chinese Text Project by GEThttp://ctext.org/zhuangzi/adjustment-of- controversiesthe FAQ of Chinese Text Project Copyright Declaration

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Work Licensing Author/ Source 23 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/floods-of-autumn, edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by James Legge, and used in accordance with the FAQ of Chinese Text Project by GET http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/floods-of-autumnthe FAQ of Chinese Text Project National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato Copyright Declaration

Work Licensing Author/ Source 26 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/letting-be-and- exercising-forbearance, edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by James Legge, and used in accordance with the FAQ of Chinese Text Project by GEThttp://ctext.org/zhuangzi/letting-be-and- exercising-forbearancethe FAQ of Chinese Text Project National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato 27 28 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/great-and-most- honoured-master/zh, edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by James Legge, and used in accordance with the FAQ of Chinese Text Project by GEThttp://ctext.org/zhuangzi/great-and-most- honoured-master/zhthe FAQ of Chinese Text Project National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato Copyright Declaration

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Work Licensing Author/ Source National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato 40 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/text.pl?node=42150&if=en, edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by James Legge, and used in accordance with the FAQ of Chinese Text Project by GET http://ctext.org/text.pl?node=42150&if=enthe FAQ of Chinese Text Project 43 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/text.pl?node=41938&if=en, edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by James Legge, and used in accordance with the FAQ of Chinese Text Project by GET http://ctext.org/text.pl?node=41938&if=enthe FAQ of Chinese Text Project Copyright Declaration Going out of the sphere of human Going out from the realm of humans to loaming around the realm of Heaven

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Work Licensing Author/ Source 72 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/tian-dao, edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by James Legge, and used in accordance with the FAQ of Chinese Text Project by GEThttp://ctext.org/zhuangzi/tian-daothe FAQ of Chinese Text Project 72 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/ingrained-ideas, edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by James Legge, and used in accordance with the FAQ of Chinese Text Project by GEThttp://ctext.org/zhuangzi/ingrained-ideasthe FAQ of Chinese Text Project National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato Copyright Declaration

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