Introduction to Chemistry

Mr. Christopherson

Normal Community High School

www.unit5.org/chemistry

Believe that life is worth living,and your belief will help create the fact.William James, 1842-1910 American Psychologist and Philospher

Whether you believe you can do a thingor believe you can’t,you are right.

Henry Ford, 1863-1947 American Car Manufacturer

All through my life,the new sights of Naturemade me rejoice like a child.

Marie Curie, 1867-1934 Polish-Born French Chemist

Problems call forth our courage and our wisdom;indeed, they create our courage and our wisdom.

it is only because of problems that we grow mentallyand spiritually. It is through the pain of

confronting and resolving problems that we learn.

M. Scott Peck, b. 1936 American Psychiatrist and Writer

Don’t be afraid to take a big stepif one is indicated.

You can’t cross a chasmin two small jumps.

David Lloyd George, 1863-1945 British Prime Minister and Statesman

Chemistry is the study of matter and the transformations it can

undergo…

Chemistry is the study of matter and the transformations it can

undergo…

…Matter is anything that occupies space.

…Matter is anything that occupies space.

ChemistryChemistry with a with a

ChemistryChemistry with a with a PurposePurpose

Li

3

H

1

He

2

C

6

N

7

O

8

F

9

Ne

10

Na

11

B

5

Be

4

H

1

Al

13

Si

14

P

15

S

16

Cl

17

Ar

18

K

19

Ca

20

Sc

21

Ti

22

V

23

Cr

24

Mn

25

Fe

26

Co

27

Ni

28

Cu

29

Zn

30

Ga

31

Ge

32

As

33

Se

34

Br

35

Kr

36

Rb

37

Sr

38

Y

39

Zr

40

Nb

41

Mo

42

Tc

43

Ru

44

Rh

45

Pd

46

Ag

47

Cd

48

In

49

Sn

50

Sb

51

Te

52

I

53

Xe

54

Cs

55

Ba

56

Hf

72

Ta

73

W

74

Re

75

Os

76

Ir

77

Pt

78

Au

79

Hg

80

Tl

81

Pb

82

Bi

83

Po

84

At

85

Rn

86

Fr

87

Ra

88

Rf

104

Db

105

Sg

106

Bh

107

Hs

108

Mt

109

Mg

12

Ce

58

Pr

59

Nd

60

Pm

61

Sm

62

Eu

63

Gd

64

Tb

65

Dy

66

Ho

67

Er

68

Tm

69

Yb

70

Lu

71

Th

90

Pa

91

U

92

Np

93

Pu

94

Am

95

Cm

96

Bk

97

Cf

98

Es

99

Fm

100

Md

101

No

102

Lr

103

La

57

Ac

89

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

N7

C6

H1

S16

Ir77

O8

N7

Mn25

e

<

The Human ElementThe Human Element

Interactive Periodic Table

Natural ScienceNatural Science

Physical SciencePhysical Science Earth and Space ScienceEarth and Space Science Life ScienceLife Science

Physics Chemistry Geology Astronomy Botany Zoology

Meteorology

Oceanography

Ecology

Genetics

Natural science covers a very broad range of knowledge.

Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos, Physical Science Concepts in Action, 2004, page 4

Table of Contents‘Introduction to Chemistry’

Introduction / Perceptions (17 slides)

Safety (21 slides)

Pure vs. Applied Science (10 slides)

Scientific Method (27 slides)

Lab Equipment (6 slides)

Alchemy vs. Chemistry (30 slides)

Manipulating Numerical Data (11 slides)

Conversion Factors and Unit Cancellation (6 slides) Simple Math with Conversion Factors (8 slides)

Scientific Notation (18 slides)

Using the Exponent Key (17 slides)

Basic Concepts in Chemistry (7 slides)

Metric System (10 slides)

Measurement (23 slides)

Essential Math (14 slides)

A Lost Child Keeping Warm

Once upon a time a small child became lost. Because the weather was cold, he decided to gather material for a fire. As he brought objects back to his campfire, he discovered that some of them burned and some of them didn’t burn. To avoid collecting useless substances, the child began to keep track of those objects that burned and those that did not.

This procedure if one of the elementary logical thought processes by which information is systematized.

It is called inductive reasoning (a general rule is framed on the basis of a collection of individual observations (or facts)).

He proposed a possible “generalization.” Perhaps: “Cylindrical objects burn.”

Jaffe, New World of Chemistry, 1955, page 3-4

“Cylindrical Objects Burn”

WILL BURN

Tree limbs

Broom handles

Pencils

Chair legs

Flagpoles

WON’T BURN

Rocks

Blackberries

Marbles

Paperweights

Jaffe, New World of Chemistry, 1955, page 3-4

Using his generalization, the boy gathered more substances to burn.

He collected three pieces of pipe, two ginger ale bottles, and the axle from an old car, while leaving a huge cardboard box full of newspapers.

During the long cold night that followed he drew these conclusions:(1) The cylindrical shape of a burnable object may not be intimately associated with its flammability after all.(2) Even though the “cylindrical” rule is no longer useful, tree

limbs, broom handles, pencils, and other burnables still burn.(3) He’d better bring the list along tomorrow.

New idea: Perhaps “Wooden objects burn.”

Jaffe, New World of Chemistry, 1955, page 3-4

The Six Levels

of Thought

KnowledgeKnowledge

ComprehensionComprehension

ApplicationApplication

AnalysisAnalysis

SynthesisSynthesis

EvaluationEvaluation

“Success is a journey, not a destination.” -Ben Sweetland

“Successful students make mistakes, but they don’t quit. They learn from them.” -Ralph Burns

“Success consist of a series of little daily efforts.” -Marie McCuillough

Food Elements Removedfrom the soil by various plants

Corn Hay Wheat Cotton Oats Potatoes Tobacco

30

20

10

Pou

nds

Per

Acr

e

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

CalciumMagnesium Sulfur

Jaffe, New World of Chemistry, 1955, page 468

Table: Soybean nutrient requirements in pounds/40 bushels

Nutrient Seed Plant Total

Nitrogen (N) 150 30 180

Phosphorus (P2O5) 35 10 45

Potassium (K2O) 57 52 109

Calcium (Ca) 7 -- 7

Magnesium (Mg) 7 -- 7

Sulfur (S) 4 -- 4

Zinc (Zn) 0.04 -- 0.04

Iron (Fe) -- -- 1.20

Manganese (Mn) 0.05 -- 0.05

Copper (Cu) 0.04 -- 0.04

Molybdenum (Mo) -- -- 0.008

Most nutrients are obtained from residual sources http://www.vaes.vt.edu/tidewater/soybean/soyproduction/soyguide.html#L4

4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Strongly acid Strongly alkaline

Me

diu

m

ac

id

Slig

htl

ya

cid

Ver

y S

lig

htl

y ac

id

Ver

y S

lig

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y al

kali

ne

Slig

htl

y a

lkal

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Me

diu

m

alk

alin

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Acidity / Alkalinity (pH)

Job Skills for the Future

• Evaluate and Analyze• Think Critically• Solve Math Problems• Organize and Use References• Synthesize Ideas• Apply Ideas to New Areas• Be Creative• Make Decisions with Incomplete Information• Communicate in Many Modes

Chemistry will develop ALL of these skills in YOU!

You’ve Finally Met Your Match

A Description of a Burning Candle

A photograph of a burning candle is shown1 in the upper right corner. The candle is cylindrical2 and has a diameter3 of about 3 cm. The length of the candle was initially about 16 centimeters4, and it changed slowly5 during observation, decreasing about 1 cm in one hour6. The candle is made of a translucent7, white8 solid9 which has a slight odor10 and no taste11. It is soft enough to be scratched with the fingernail12. There is a wick13 which extends from top to bottom14 of the candle along its central axis15 and protrudes about 5 mm above the top of the candle16. The wick is made of three strands of string braided together17. A candle is lit by holding a source of flame close to the wick for a few seconds. Thereafter the source of flame can be removed and the flame sustains itself at the wick18. The burning candle makes no sound19. While burning, the body of the candle remains cool to the touch20 except near the top. Within about 1.5 cm of the top the candle is warm21 (but not hot) and sufficiently soft to mold easily22. The flame flickers in response to air currents23 and tends to become quite smoky while flickering24. In the absence of air currents, the flame is of the form shown in the photograph, though it retains some movement at all times25. The flame begins about 2 mm above the top of the candle26, and at itsbase the flame has a blue tint27. Immediately around the wick in a region about 2 mm wide and extending about 5 mm above the top of the wick28 the flame is dark29. This dark region is roughly conical in shape30. Around this zone and extending about 1 cm above the dark zone is a region which emits yellow light31, bright but not blinding32. The flame has rather sharply defined sides33 but a ragged top34. The wick is white where it emerges from the candle35, but from the base of the flame to the end of the wick36 it is black, appearing burnt, except for the last 0,5 cm, where it glows red37. The wick curls over about 3 mm from its end38. As the candle becomes shorter, the wick shortens too, so as to extend roughly a constant length above the top of the candle39. Heat is emitted by the flame40, enough so that it becomes uncomfortable in 10 to 20 seconds if one holds his finger 10 cm to the side of the quiet flame41 or 10 – 12 cm above the flame42.

O’Connor Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 462,

Dual Perceptions

Dual Perceptions

Dual Perceptions

Stack of Blocks

www.unit5.org/chemistry

Unit 1Introduction to Chemistry

Internet web site:

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A Colorful Demonstration: The Remsen Reaction

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