INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY I. What is Chemistry II. The Scientific Method III. Vocabulary Related to...
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INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRYINTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
• I. What is Chemistry
• II. The Scientific Method
• III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific Method
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I. What is ChemistryI. What is Chemistry
• A. Definition – chemistry is the study of the composition, structure and properties of matter and the changes it under goes
Composition Structure
H20
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Properties:Properties:ChemicalChemical – splits into – splits into hydrogen and oxygen hydrogen and oxygen when subjected to when subjected to electric currentelectric currentPhysicalPhysical – liquid at room – liquid at room temperature, boils at 100 temperature, boils at 100 ̊C̊C 2H2O 2H2O 2H2 + O2 2H2 + O2
Changes it undergoes:Changes it undergoes:
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• B. Matter – has mass and takes up space
1. mass – measures amount of matter
2. volume – measures the amount of
space occupied by matter
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I.I. ChemistryChemistryB. MatterB. Matter
• Anything that has mass and takes up space
• All matter is composed of chemicals• Characteristics:
1. Mass vs. weight • Mass is amount of matter• Weight is the force of gravity on an object
2. Inertia – resistance to change in motion
3. Energy – ability to do work (potential and kinetic)
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I. What is ChemistryI. What is Chemistry
• C. What are the branches of Chemistry
1. Organic – study of compounds containing carbon
2. Inorganic – study of compounds that do not contain carbon
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Organic Chemistry • Study of carbon containing compounds
derived from living things (oil, gas, fossils)
I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches
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Inorganic Chemistry • Study of inorganic compounds (rocks,
minerals, fertilizers)
I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches
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I. What is ChemistryI. What is Chemistry
3. Physical – study of changes in and behavior of matter and the accompanying energy changes
4. Analytical – study of the composition of matter
5. Biochemistry – chemistry of organisms
(their composition and processes)
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Biochemistry
• Chemistry of living things
I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches
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Physical Chemistry • Reaction mechanisms, energy exchanges
– energy efficiency of household refrigerators and freezers
– measurement and modeling of "on-road" vehicle emissions
– flow and solidification
of metals during casting
I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches
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Analytical Chemistry• Measures the chemical composition
of natural and artificial materials
• Areas of medicine, environment, industry, food
I.I. ChemistryChemistryC. BranchesC. Branches
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II. The Scientific MethodII. The Scientific Method
• A. Identify the problem make observation(question)
• B. Make a hypothesis based upon
observations relating to the problem
• C. Experiment to test the hypothesis
• D. Collect and analyze the data/results
• E. Make a conclusion based on the
results of the experiment
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III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method• A. Observations and Inference1. Qualitative observation – based on the
five senses2. Quantitative observations – based on
measurement3. Inference – to derive a conclusion from
facts or premises (an interpretation of observations)
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III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method
• B. Intensive and Extensive Properties
1. Intensive – properties that do not depend upon the amount of matter
a. density, melting point, boiling point
2. Extensive – properties that do depend upon the amount of matter
a. length, mass, volume
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III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method
• C.Dependent and Independent Variables
1. Dependent variable – value changes in
response to the independent variable
2. Independent variable – the variable manipulated by the person doing the experiment
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III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method
• D. Theories and Laws
1. Theory – explanation supported by many experiments but may be subject to change as a result of further research
2. Law – explanation that has no exceptions and is not subject to change
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III. Vocabulary Related to III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific MethodResearch and the Scientific Method
• E. Applied and Pure Research (Science)
1. Applied – solves a specific problem
2. Pure – gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge
* Technology – practical use of information resulting from pure and applied research
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• Observation• Question/purpose• Hypothesis (if question) • Experiment
– Control and – experimental group– Collect data (qualitative– and quantitative)
• Analysis• Conclusion
– Theory– Law