1

Lesson 1Understanding

Carbon Compounds I

(Textbook Chapter 2

page 33-92)

2

Todayrsquos Lecture

101 Learning Objectives102 Unique of Carbon103 Isomer104 Functional Group105 Saturated vs Unsaturated106 IUPAC Naming

Topics Covered

33

ldquoOrganic chemistry is enough to drive one mad It gives the impression of a primeval tropical forest of the most remarkable things a monstrous and boundless thicket with no way of escape into which one may well dread to enterrdquo

Frederich Woumlhler (1835)

4

Learning Objectives

1) Identify the multiple bonding character of carbon atoms 2) Identify carbon as the backbone of organic chemistry 3) Define hydrocarbon alkane alkene alkyne cyclic and

aromatic as they relate to organic compounds 4) Classify a hydrocarbon as either saturated or unsaturated

compare the geometry of single double and triple bonds between two carbon atoms

55

Learning Objectives5) Compare the rotational ability in single

double and triple bonds name and draw structures of alkanes alkenes and alkynes up to C10

6) Recognize and name the substituent groups methyl ethyl fluoro chloro bromo and iodo name and draw structures of simple substituted alkanes to C10

7) Describe the term functional group and relate it to classes of compounds

8) Identify a compound as an alcohol aldehyde ketoneether organic acid ester amine or amide when given a structural diagram

66

OrganicOrganic Chemistry Chemistry The Study of Carbon CompoundsThe Study of Carbon Compounds

(some exceptions for example (some exceptions for example carbonates carbon dioxide etc)carbonates carbon dioxide etc)Example of organics chemicalExample of organics chemical

1)1) Food ndash carbohydrates fats proteinFood ndash carbohydrates fats protein2)2) Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton

etcetc3)3) PlasticsPlastics4)4) PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals5)5) Detergents and soapDetergents and soap

77

Organic vs Inorganic Organic vs Inorganic DifferencesDifferencesOrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic

BondingBonding CovalentCovalent IonicIonicPhysical StatePhysical State(room temp)(room temp)

Gasliquid Gasliquid commoncommon

Solids commonSolids common

Melting pointsMelting points Tend to be lowTend to be low Tend to be very Tend to be very highhigh

Soluble In Soluble In waterwater

Tend to be Tend to be insolubleinsoluble

Much higher Much higher percent solublepercent soluble

ConductivityConductivity NonconductorsNonconductors Conduct in Conduct in solution and solution and moltenmolten

88

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique1 1 Forms Forms fourfour covalent bonds covalent bonds2 2 Bonds covalently to H O N P Bonds covalently to H O N P S and S and all other nonmetals (except all other nonmetals (except noble gases)noble gases)3 3 Carbon atoms join to form Carbon atoms join to form

Chains and RingsChains and Rings

CH3CH2CH2CH3CH2 CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

99

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

4 4 Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple bonds to bonds to itself oxygen and itself oxygen and nitrogen nitrogen ExampleExample

C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2

Todayrsquos Lecture

101 Learning Objectives102 Unique of Carbon103 Isomer104 Functional Group105 Saturated vs Unsaturated106 IUPAC Naming

Topics Covered

33

ldquoOrganic chemistry is enough to drive one mad It gives the impression of a primeval tropical forest of the most remarkable things a monstrous and boundless thicket with no way of escape into which one may well dread to enterrdquo

Frederich Woumlhler (1835)

4

Learning Objectives

1) Identify the multiple bonding character of carbon atoms 2) Identify carbon as the backbone of organic chemistry 3) Define hydrocarbon alkane alkene alkyne cyclic and

aromatic as they relate to organic compounds 4) Classify a hydrocarbon as either saturated or unsaturated

compare the geometry of single double and triple bonds between two carbon atoms

55

Learning Objectives5) Compare the rotational ability in single

double and triple bonds name and draw structures of alkanes alkenes and alkynes up to C10

6) Recognize and name the substituent groups methyl ethyl fluoro chloro bromo and iodo name and draw structures of simple substituted alkanes to C10

7) Describe the term functional group and relate it to classes of compounds

8) Identify a compound as an alcohol aldehyde ketoneether organic acid ester amine or amide when given a structural diagram

66

OrganicOrganic Chemistry Chemistry The Study of Carbon CompoundsThe Study of Carbon Compounds

(some exceptions for example (some exceptions for example carbonates carbon dioxide etc)carbonates carbon dioxide etc)Example of organics chemicalExample of organics chemical

1)1) Food ndash carbohydrates fats proteinFood ndash carbohydrates fats protein2)2) Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton

etcetc3)3) PlasticsPlastics4)4) PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals5)5) Detergents and soapDetergents and soap

77

Organic vs Inorganic Organic vs Inorganic DifferencesDifferencesOrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic

BondingBonding CovalentCovalent IonicIonicPhysical StatePhysical State(room temp)(room temp)

Gasliquid Gasliquid commoncommon

Solids commonSolids common

Melting pointsMelting points Tend to be lowTend to be low Tend to be very Tend to be very highhigh

Soluble In Soluble In waterwater

Tend to be Tend to be insolubleinsoluble

Much higher Much higher percent solublepercent soluble

ConductivityConductivity NonconductorsNonconductors Conduct in Conduct in solution and solution and moltenmolten

88

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique1 1 Forms Forms fourfour covalent bonds covalent bonds2 2 Bonds covalently to H O N P Bonds covalently to H O N P S and S and all other nonmetals (except all other nonmetals (except noble gases)noble gases)3 3 Carbon atoms join to form Carbon atoms join to form

Chains and RingsChains and Rings

CH3CH2CH2CH3CH2 CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

99

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

4 4 Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple bonds to bonds to itself oxygen and itself oxygen and nitrogen nitrogen ExampleExample

C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

33

ldquoOrganic chemistry is enough to drive one mad It gives the impression of a primeval tropical forest of the most remarkable things a monstrous and boundless thicket with no way of escape into which one may well dread to enterrdquo

Frederich Woumlhler (1835)

4

Learning Objectives

1) Identify the multiple bonding character of carbon atoms 2) Identify carbon as the backbone of organic chemistry 3) Define hydrocarbon alkane alkene alkyne cyclic and

aromatic as they relate to organic compounds 4) Classify a hydrocarbon as either saturated or unsaturated

compare the geometry of single double and triple bonds between two carbon atoms

55

Learning Objectives5) Compare the rotational ability in single

double and triple bonds name and draw structures of alkanes alkenes and alkynes up to C10

6) Recognize and name the substituent groups methyl ethyl fluoro chloro bromo and iodo name and draw structures of simple substituted alkanes to C10

7) Describe the term functional group and relate it to classes of compounds

8) Identify a compound as an alcohol aldehyde ketoneether organic acid ester amine or amide when given a structural diagram

66

OrganicOrganic Chemistry Chemistry The Study of Carbon CompoundsThe Study of Carbon Compounds

(some exceptions for example (some exceptions for example carbonates carbon dioxide etc)carbonates carbon dioxide etc)Example of organics chemicalExample of organics chemical

1)1) Food ndash carbohydrates fats proteinFood ndash carbohydrates fats protein2)2) Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton

etcetc3)3) PlasticsPlastics4)4) PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals5)5) Detergents and soapDetergents and soap

77

Organic vs Inorganic Organic vs Inorganic DifferencesDifferencesOrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic

BondingBonding CovalentCovalent IonicIonicPhysical StatePhysical State(room temp)(room temp)

Gasliquid Gasliquid commoncommon

Solids commonSolids common

Melting pointsMelting points Tend to be lowTend to be low Tend to be very Tend to be very highhigh

Soluble In Soluble In waterwater

Tend to be Tend to be insolubleinsoluble

Much higher Much higher percent solublepercent soluble

ConductivityConductivity NonconductorsNonconductors Conduct in Conduct in solution and solution and moltenmolten

88

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique1 1 Forms Forms fourfour covalent bonds covalent bonds2 2 Bonds covalently to H O N P Bonds covalently to H O N P S and S and all other nonmetals (except all other nonmetals (except noble gases)noble gases)3 3 Carbon atoms join to form Carbon atoms join to form

Chains and RingsChains and Rings

CH3CH2CH2CH3CH2 CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

99

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

4 4 Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple bonds to bonds to itself oxygen and itself oxygen and nitrogen nitrogen ExampleExample

C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

4

Learning Objectives

1) Identify the multiple bonding character of carbon atoms 2) Identify carbon as the backbone of organic chemistry 3) Define hydrocarbon alkane alkene alkyne cyclic and

aromatic as they relate to organic compounds 4) Classify a hydrocarbon as either saturated or unsaturated

compare the geometry of single double and triple bonds between two carbon atoms

55

Learning Objectives5) Compare the rotational ability in single

double and triple bonds name and draw structures of alkanes alkenes and alkynes up to C10

6) Recognize and name the substituent groups methyl ethyl fluoro chloro bromo and iodo name and draw structures of simple substituted alkanes to C10

7) Describe the term functional group and relate it to classes of compounds

8) Identify a compound as an alcohol aldehyde ketoneether organic acid ester amine or amide when given a structural diagram

66

OrganicOrganic Chemistry Chemistry The Study of Carbon CompoundsThe Study of Carbon Compounds

(some exceptions for example (some exceptions for example carbonates carbon dioxide etc)carbonates carbon dioxide etc)Example of organics chemicalExample of organics chemical

1)1) Food ndash carbohydrates fats proteinFood ndash carbohydrates fats protein2)2) Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton

etcetc3)3) PlasticsPlastics4)4) PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals5)5) Detergents and soapDetergents and soap

77

Organic vs Inorganic Organic vs Inorganic DifferencesDifferencesOrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic

BondingBonding CovalentCovalent IonicIonicPhysical StatePhysical State(room temp)(room temp)

Gasliquid Gasliquid commoncommon

Solids commonSolids common

Melting pointsMelting points Tend to be lowTend to be low Tend to be very Tend to be very highhigh

Soluble In Soluble In waterwater

Tend to be Tend to be insolubleinsoluble

Much higher Much higher percent solublepercent soluble

ConductivityConductivity NonconductorsNonconductors Conduct in Conduct in solution and solution and moltenmolten

88

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique1 1 Forms Forms fourfour covalent bonds covalent bonds2 2 Bonds covalently to H O N P Bonds covalently to H O N P S and S and all other nonmetals (except all other nonmetals (except noble gases)noble gases)3 3 Carbon atoms join to form Carbon atoms join to form

Chains and RingsChains and Rings

CH3CH2CH2CH3CH2 CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

99

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

4 4 Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple bonds to bonds to itself oxygen and itself oxygen and nitrogen nitrogen ExampleExample

C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

55

Learning Objectives5) Compare the rotational ability in single

double and triple bonds name and draw structures of alkanes alkenes and alkynes up to C10

6) Recognize and name the substituent groups methyl ethyl fluoro chloro bromo and iodo name and draw structures of simple substituted alkanes to C10

7) Describe the term functional group and relate it to classes of compounds

8) Identify a compound as an alcohol aldehyde ketoneether organic acid ester amine or amide when given a structural diagram

66

OrganicOrganic Chemistry Chemistry The Study of Carbon CompoundsThe Study of Carbon Compounds

(some exceptions for example (some exceptions for example carbonates carbon dioxide etc)carbonates carbon dioxide etc)Example of organics chemicalExample of organics chemical

1)1) Food ndash carbohydrates fats proteinFood ndash carbohydrates fats protein2)2) Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton

etcetc3)3) PlasticsPlastics4)4) PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals5)5) Detergents and soapDetergents and soap

77

Organic vs Inorganic Organic vs Inorganic DifferencesDifferencesOrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic

BondingBonding CovalentCovalent IonicIonicPhysical StatePhysical State(room temp)(room temp)

Gasliquid Gasliquid commoncommon

Solids commonSolids common

Melting pointsMelting points Tend to be lowTend to be low Tend to be very Tend to be very highhigh

Soluble In Soluble In waterwater

Tend to be Tend to be insolubleinsoluble

Much higher Much higher percent solublepercent soluble

ConductivityConductivity NonconductorsNonconductors Conduct in Conduct in solution and solution and moltenmolten

88

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique1 1 Forms Forms fourfour covalent bonds covalent bonds2 2 Bonds covalently to H O N P Bonds covalently to H O N P S and S and all other nonmetals (except all other nonmetals (except noble gases)noble gases)3 3 Carbon atoms join to form Carbon atoms join to form

Chains and RingsChains and Rings

CH3CH2CH2CH3CH2 CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

99

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

4 4 Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple bonds to bonds to itself oxygen and itself oxygen and nitrogen nitrogen ExampleExample

C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

66

OrganicOrganic Chemistry Chemistry The Study of Carbon CompoundsThe Study of Carbon Compounds

(some exceptions for example (some exceptions for example carbonates carbon dioxide etc)carbonates carbon dioxide etc)Example of organics chemicalExample of organics chemical

1)1) Food ndash carbohydrates fats proteinFood ndash carbohydrates fats protein2)2) Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton Clothing ndash silk linen wool cotton

etcetc3)3) PlasticsPlastics4)4) PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals5)5) Detergents and soapDetergents and soap

77

Organic vs Inorganic Organic vs Inorganic DifferencesDifferencesOrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic

BondingBonding CovalentCovalent IonicIonicPhysical StatePhysical State(room temp)(room temp)

Gasliquid Gasliquid commoncommon

Solids commonSolids common

Melting pointsMelting points Tend to be lowTend to be low Tend to be very Tend to be very highhigh

Soluble In Soluble In waterwater

Tend to be Tend to be insolubleinsoluble

Much higher Much higher percent solublepercent soluble

ConductivityConductivity NonconductorsNonconductors Conduct in Conduct in solution and solution and moltenmolten

88

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique1 1 Forms Forms fourfour covalent bonds covalent bonds2 2 Bonds covalently to H O N P Bonds covalently to H O N P S and S and all other nonmetals (except all other nonmetals (except noble gases)noble gases)3 3 Carbon atoms join to form Carbon atoms join to form

Chains and RingsChains and Rings

CH3CH2CH2CH3CH2 CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

99

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

4 4 Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple bonds to bonds to itself oxygen and itself oxygen and nitrogen nitrogen ExampleExample

C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

77

Organic vs Inorganic Organic vs Inorganic DifferencesDifferencesOrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic

BondingBonding CovalentCovalent IonicIonicPhysical StatePhysical State(room temp)(room temp)

Gasliquid Gasliquid commoncommon

Solids commonSolids common

Melting pointsMelting points Tend to be lowTend to be low Tend to be very Tend to be very highhigh

Soluble In Soluble In waterwater

Tend to be Tend to be insolubleinsoluble

Much higher Much higher percent solublepercent soluble

ConductivityConductivity NonconductorsNonconductors Conduct in Conduct in solution and solution and moltenmolten

88

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique1 1 Forms Forms fourfour covalent bonds covalent bonds2 2 Bonds covalently to H O N P Bonds covalently to H O N P S and S and all other nonmetals (except all other nonmetals (except noble gases)noble gases)3 3 Carbon atoms join to form Carbon atoms join to form

Chains and RingsChains and Rings

CH3CH2CH2CH3CH2 CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

99

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

4 4 Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple bonds to bonds to itself oxygen and itself oxygen and nitrogen nitrogen ExampleExample

C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

88

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique1 1 Forms Forms fourfour covalent bonds covalent bonds2 2 Bonds covalently to H O N P Bonds covalently to H O N P S and S and all other nonmetals (except all other nonmetals (except noble gases)noble gases)3 3 Carbon atoms join to form Carbon atoms join to form

Chains and RingsChains and Rings

CH3CH2CH2CH3CH2 CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

99

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

4 4 Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple bonds to bonds to itself oxygen and itself oxygen and nitrogen nitrogen ExampleExample

C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

99

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

4 4 Carbon can form multiple Carbon can form multiple bonds to bonds to itself oxygen and itself oxygen and nitrogen nitrogen ExampleExample

C-C (single bond)C-C (single bond)C=C (double bond)C=C (double bond)C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond)

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1010

5 5 Many carbon compounds exist in Many carbon compounds exist in the form the form of isomersof isomers Isomers are compounds with the Isomers are compounds with the same same molecular formula but molecular formula but different different structuresstructures An isomer example A B and C An isomer example A B and C all are all are CC44HH1010 but have different but have different structures structures ExampleExample

Why Is Carbon UniqueWhy Is Carbon Unique

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1111

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3CH2CH CH2

CH3CH CH CH3

AB

C

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1212

Families of Compounds Families of Compounds HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

They are nonpolar molecules and They are nonpolar molecules and consequently are not soluble in water consequently are not soluble in water but are soluble in typical nonpolar but are soluble in typical nonpolar organic solvents like toluene or organic solvents like toluene or pentanepentane

Hydrocarbons are constructed of Hydrocarbons are constructed of chains or rings of carbon atoms with chains or rings of carbon atoms with sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons sufficient hydrogens to fulfill carbons need for four bondsneed for four bonds

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1313

HydrocarbonHydrocarbonss

AliphaticAliphatic-nonbenzenoid -nonbenzenoid ringsrings-Example-ExampleAlkanes alkenes Alkanes alkenes alkynes amp their alkynes amp their derivativederivative

-

AromaticAromaticBenzene ringBenzene ringExampleExampleBenzene (CBenzene (C66HH66))Naphthalene Naphthalene (C(C1010HH88))

ClassificationClassification

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1414

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1515

Functional GroupFunctional Group

Part of an organic molecule Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take where chemical reactions take placeplace

Composed of an atom or group Composed of an atom or group of atoms of atoms

Replace a H in the Replace a H in the corresponding alkanecorresponding alkane

Provide a way to classify Provide a way to classify organic compoundsorganic compounds

Letrsquos see some example in the Letrsquos see some example in the next slidenext slide

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1616

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group

Class of organic Class of organic compoundcompound

ExamplesExamples

C-C C-C (single bond)(single bond) AlkaneAlkane CHCH4 4 methane Cmethane C22HH6 6

ethaneethane

C=C C=C (double (double bond)bond)

AlkeneAlkene CHCH22=CH=CH2 2 etheneethene

C=C C=C (triple bond)(triple bond) AlkyneAlkyne CHCH2 2 ethyneethyne

(benzene (benzene ring)ring)

AreneArene CC66HH55CHCH3 3

methylbenzenemethylbenzene

- OH- OH Alcohol and Alcohol and PhenolPhenol

CHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol

-O--O- EtherEther CH3-O-CH3CH3-O-CH3

-halogen -F -Cl --halogen -F -Cl -BrBr

HaloalkaneHaloalkane CHCH33CHCH22ClCl

chloroethanechloroethane

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1717

Functional GroupFunctional GroupFunctional groupFunctional group Class of organic Class of organic

compoundcompoundExamplesExamples

AldehydeAldehyde ethanalethanal

KetoneKetone propanonepropanone

-COOH-COOH Carboxylic Carboxylic acidacid

CHCH33COOH COOH ethanoic acidethanoic acid

-COO--COO- EsterEster CHCH33COOCHCOOCH33

-NH-NH22 AmineAmine CHCH33NHNH2 2

methylaminemethylamine-CONH-CONH22 AmideAmide CHCH33CONHCONH2 2

ethanamideethanamide

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1818

Homologous series series of compounds with similar chemical properties each member differs from the previous one by the addition of a ndashCH2- groupThe general characteristics of a homologous series are1) same functional group and similar chemical properties2) differs from the next in the series by a ndashCH2- group3) may be prepared by similar methods4) The physical properties- show a progressive change with increasing relative molecular mass5) contain the same elements and can be represented

by the same general formula

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

1919

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

O

Homologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes CCnnHH2n+22n+2

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes CCnnHH2n2n

AlkenesAlkenes CCnnHH2n2n

CycloalkenesCycloalkenes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes CCnnHH2n-22n-2

HaloalkanesHaloalkanes CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 X (X= Cl X (X= Cl Br I)Br I)

AlcoholsAlcohols CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 OHOHCCnnHH2n+22n+2OO

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2020

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

CnH2n+1C NH2

OHomologous Homologous seriesseries

General formulaGeneral formula

AldehydeAldehyde CCnnHH2n2nOOKetonesKetones CCnnHH2n2nOOCarboxylic acids Carboxylic acids CCnnHH2n2nOO22

CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 COOHCOOHEstersEsters CCnnHH2n2nOO22

AmineAmine CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 NHNH22

AmideAmide CCnnHH2n+1 2n+1 CONHCONH22

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2121

The general formula for an organic compound can also be written by using the symbol R to represent the alkyl group CnH2n+1 or the phenyl group C6H5

(Rrsquo and Rrsquorsquo represent two alkyl groups The alkyl groups can be the same or different)The phenyl group (- C6H5) has the structural formula of

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2222

General FormulaeGeneral FormulaeHomologous seriesHomologous series General formulaGeneral formula

AlkanesAlkanes RHRHAldehydesAldehydes RCHORCHOKetonesKetones RrsquoCORrsquorsquoRrsquoCORrsquorsquoAlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH

Carboxylic acidsCarboxylic acids RCOOHRCOOHEstersEsters RrsquoCOORrsquorsquoRrsquoCOORrsquorsquoAminesAmines RNHRNH22

AmidesAmides RCONHRCONH22

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2323

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThe IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is responsible for chemistry namesIn the IUPAC system the chemical name of an organic compounds has three parts prefix parent and suffix

1) The prefix of the chemical name gives information about the substituent present2) the parent gives the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule 3) the suffix gives the name of the homologous series

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2424

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingExample IUPAC name for BrCH2CH2COOH is

Prefix bromoParent propan Suffix oic

3ndashbromopropanoic acid

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2525

Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atomUnsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanesUnsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2626

Molecules contain one or more carbon-carbon double (C=C) or triple (CequivC) bonds

1048710 There are three classes of

unsaturated hydrocarbons 1 alkenes and cycloalkenes CnH2n 2 alkynes and cycloalkynes CnH2n-2 3 aromatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2727

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

Contain C and H onlyContain C and H only Contain single bonds C-CContain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)

atomatom Are nonpolarAre nonpolar

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2828

Alkanes CAlkanes CnnHH2n+22n+2

C

H

HH

CH

HH

1095 o

The bonding around each carbon The bonding around each carbon atom is tetrahedral so all bond atom is tetrahedral so all bond angles are 1095deg angles are 1095deg

As a result the carbon atoms in As a result the carbon atoms in higher alkanes are arranged in zig-higher alkanes are arranged in zig-zag rather than linear patterns zag rather than linear patterns

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

2929

IUPAC IUPAC NameName

CarboCarbo

nn

MoleculaMolecular r

formulaformula

Structural formulaStructural formulaCondensed formulaCondensed formula

MethMethaanene

11 CHCH44 CHCH44

EthEthaneane 22 CC22HH66 CHCH33CHCH33

PropPropananee

33 CC33HH88 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

ButButaneane 44 CC44HH1010 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

PentPentananee

55 CC55HH1212 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HexHexananee

66 CC66HH1414 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

HeptHeptananee

77 CC77HH1616 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

OctOctaneane 88 CC88HH1818 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

NonNonananee

99 CC99HH2020 CHCH3 3 CHCH2 2 CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

DecDecananee

1010 CC1010HH2222 CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33

General FormulaeGeneral Formulae

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

3030

Alkane- IUPAC NamesAlkane- IUPAC Names Before learning the IUPAC rules Before learning the IUPAC rules

for naming alkanes the names for naming alkanes the names and structures of eight alkyl and structures of eight alkyl groups must be learnedgroups must be learned

These alkyl groups are These alkyl groups are historical names accepted by historical names accepted by the IUPAC and integrated into the IUPAC and integrated into modern nomenclaturemodern nomenclature

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

3131

AlkylAlkyl Groups Groups

An alkyl group is an alkane with one An alkyl group is an alkane with one hydrogen atom removed It is named by hydrogen atom removed It is named by replacing thereplacing the ane ane of the alkane name with of the alkane name with --ylyl Methane becomes a methyl groupMethane becomes a methyl group

or CH3H CH

HH

H CH

H

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

3232

All six hydrogens on ethane All six hydrogens on ethane are equivalent Removing one are equivalent Removing one H generates the ethyl groupH generates the ethyl group

CH

CHH

HH

H

CH3CH2CH3CH2

C2H5

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

3333Synthetic polymers provide a wide variety of items that we use every day

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

3434

the bottom linehelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphellipbe enthusiastic

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35

35

Thank youQuestions and

Comments

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Learning Objectives
• Organic Chemistry
• Organic vs Inorganic Differences
• Why Is Carbon Unique
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Families of Compounds Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Alkanes CnH2n+2
• Slide 29
• Alkane- IUPAC Names
• Alkyl Groups
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35