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Bioremediation

Definition: Use of living organisms to transform, destroy or immobilize contaminants

Goal: Detoxification of the parent compound(s) and conversion to products that are no longer hazardous to human health and the environment.

Forms of Bioremediation

In situ Bioremediation: treating contamination at the site often used ( less movement ) Bioventing biodegradation Biosparging Bioaugmentation

Ex situ Bioremediation Remove contamination and treat

elsewhere Land farming Composting Biopiles

Forms of Bioremediation

Phytoremediation Phytoextraction or phytoaccumulation Phytodegradation or phytotransformation Phytostabilization Rhizodegradation Rhizofiltration

In Situ Bioremediation

Bioventing One of the most common approaches in soil Supply air and nutrients via wells Takes advantage of indigenous microorganisms

In situ biodegradation Supply air and nutrients by circulating aqueous

solutions through contaminated soils or groundwater Biosparging

Injection of air below the water table increases groundwater oxygen concentrations and mixing in saturated zone

Bioaugmentation Addition of indigenous or exogenous microorganisms Limits to use: competition and necessity

Biostimulation Natural Attenuation or Intrinsic Bioremediation

Insitu bioremediation

Bioventing

Application of bioinventing

• Successful method for treating petroleum hydrocarbons and some chlorinated solvents.

• Applicable in permeable soils (sand aquifers). Limitation• Possible limitation of nutrient.• Change in soil moisture can affect the load-bearing capacity.• Significant masses of contaminants in low permeability zone. Advantage over conventional pump-and-treat approach• A greater ease of circulating air compared to circulating water.• Easy transport of oxygen in air than in water.

Biosparging

Biosparging Biosparging is an in-situ remediation

technology that uses indigenous microorganisms to biodegrade organic constituents in the saturated zone.

In biosparging, air (or oxygen) and nutrients (if needed) are injected into the saturated zone to increase the biological activity of the indigenous microorganisms.

Bioaugmentation

Ex situ Bioremediation Land farming

Contaminated soil is excavated and spread over landSoil is periodically tilled to improve aerationRemediation due to indigenous microorganisms, as well as

chemical and physical processesGenerally limited to the superficial 10–35 cm of soilCan reduce monitoring and maintenance costs

CompostingCombines contaminated soil with nonhazardous organic

amendants (e.g. manure or agricultural wastes) Biopiles

Combination of landfarming and composting Control physical losses of contaminants

BioreactorsSoil and water pumped up from a contaminated plume and

processed through an engineered containment systemDegradation in a bioreactor is generally greater than in situ

because the contained environment is more controllable and predictable

Land farming

Biopiles

Composting Composting is not generally employed to treat

heavy metals or other inorganics,although it may be applicable to inorganic cyanides. Other studies have indicated that composting is potentially effective in degrading or transforming petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides to environmentally acceptable or less mobile compounds

Bioreactor

A slurry bioreactor may be defined as a containment vessel and apparatus used to create a threephase (solid, liquid, and gas) mixing condition to hasten the biodegradation of soil-bound and water-soluble contamination as a water slurry of the contaminated soil, sediment, or sludge and biomass (usually indigenous bacteria) capable of degrading targeted contaminants.

Slurry bioreactor

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