Introduction Introduction to to

BiologyBiology

Unit 1

“BIO-” means living

“-LOGY” means the study of...

it’s the study of the living world.

Units we will study include:

cells, nucleic acids, genetics, plants, animals, ecology.

Life is characterized by the presence of ALL of the following properties at some stage in an organism’s life!

The word science comes from Latin ‘to know’

What is Biology?What is Biology?

Make a list of AT LEAST 5

characteristics of a living

thing!

Biology and Biology and Living Living ThingsThings

There are 7 characteristics of a living thing...

Cells, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, evolution, & interdependence

Biology and Living Biology and Living ThingsThings

1. Cells*provide structure and

function*

•Made of one or more cells

•Cell: smallest unit capable of ALL LIFE functions

•Can be unicellular OR multicellular

2. 2. ReproductionReproduction

Def: Organisms make more of their own kind: one generation to the next

Allows for genetic variation

Types:

Asexual

Sexual

3. Metabolism3. Metabolism

Def: Chemical breakdown of food for energy

Use energy to GROW, move, process info

Ex: Photosynthesis and Respiration

4. Homeostasis 4. Homeostasis

Def: Maintenance of a stable internal condition.

Allows organisms to regulate internal temperature, despite a change in the external temperature

How can a human maintain a constant body temp? A dog?

5. 5. HeredityHeredity

Offspring inherit genes from parents

genes: basic unit of heredity, coded for by DNA

Def: The passing of traits from parent to offspring.

6. EvolutionDef:Def: Change in the Change in the

inherited characteristics of inherited characteristics of a species OVER a species OVER

generationsgenerations

Natural Selection: Natural Selection: organisms with favorable organisms with favorable traits are more likely to traits are more likely to survive and reproduce!survive and reproduce!

7. Interdependence7. InterdependenceDef: Organisms are dependent on one another and their environment

•A community of organisms depends on the proper functioning of ALL of its members!

• (even the ones you can’t see!)

Write down as many of the 7 characteristics that are seen in this

picture!

Picture Answers:

• 1. Interdependence: owl depends on rat for food (adaptations that have evolved over time)

• 2. Homeostasis: both have coverings to conserve heat

• 3. Metabolism: owl has captured the rat for food

Mind Map

•Create a mind map showing the 7 characteristics of life. Also include the following:

•two descriptive phrases for each characteristic.

•a drawing to represent each characteristic.

Rubric•All characteristics

included (7 pts)

•2 phrases for each characteristics (7 pts)

•Drawings w/ color (3.5 pts)

•Neatness (1.5 pts)

INCOMPLETE SAMPLE

Characteristics of Life

Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!

Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!

Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!

Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!Living or NOT?!

LIFE IS CELLULARLIFE IS CELLULAR

• Cell TheoryCell Theory• All living things are made up of All living things are made up of

cells.cells.• Cells are the basic units of Cells are the basic units of

both structure and function in both structure and function in living things.living things.

• New cells are made only from New cells are made only from existing cells.existing cells.

BASIC CELL BASIC CELL STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

• AllAll cells have:cells have:

• PlasmaPlasma membrane (cell membrane) membrane (cell membrane) – thin layer – thin layer that surrounds cellsthat surrounds cells

• CytoplasmCytoplasm – gel like material inside cells (the – gel like material inside cells (the “juice”)“juice”)

• Genetic material Genetic material ((DNADNA and/or and/or RNARNA))

• RibosomeRibosome – organelle where proteins are made – organelle where proteins are made

• SomeSome cells have: cells have:• Cell wallCell wall – a more rigid structure on – a more rigid structure on

the outside of some plasma membranes the outside of some plasma membranes

• NucleusNucleus – a membrane-bound – a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material organelle that contains genetic material (brain of the cell)(brain of the cell)

• MitochondriaMitochondria – a membrane-bound – a membrane-bound organelle where energy is released organelle where energy is released (respiration)(respiration)

• ChloroplastsChloroplasts – a membrane-bound – a membrane-bound organelle (a type of organelle (a type of plastidplastid) where ) where glucose is made (photosythesis)glucose is made (photosythesis)

• Rough endoplasmic reticulumRough endoplasmic reticulum – a – a membrane-bound organelle that membrane-bound organelle that transports proteins transports proteins

• Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus – a membrane-– a membrane-bound organelle that packages and bound organelle that packages and processes proteinsprocesses proteins

• VacuoleVacuole – a membrane-bound – a membrane-bound organelle that stores water and organelle that stores water and nutrientsnutrients

DIVERSITY OF LIFEDIVERSITY OF LIFE• All cells fall into two categories of cells:All cells fall into two categories of cells:

1.1. ProkaryotesProkaryotes• Includes bacteria and ArchaeaIncludes bacteria and Archaea

2.2. EukaryotesEukaryotes• Includes animals, plants, fungi, and Includes animals, plants, fungi, and

protists (like amoebas and protists (like amoebas and paramecium)paramecium)

CHARACTERISTIC OF CHARACTERISTIC OF PROKARYOTESPROKARYOTES

• NoNo membrane-boundmembrane-bound organellesorganelles (“little organs” in cells)(“little organs” in cells)

• NoNo nucleus, mitochondria, or nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplastschloroplasts

• Have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, Have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and cell wallplasma membrane, and cell wall

• UnicellularUnicellular• Fossil evidence shows that bacteria Fossil evidence shows that bacteria

have been on the earth for over 3.5 have been on the earth for over 3.5 billion years billion years

BacteriumBacterium

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kimicontrol.com/microorg/Bacillus%2520anthracis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kimicontrol.com/edu-e.html&h=400&w=400&sz=27&hl=en&start=2&sig2=piJEag5SpagL3v_bkluC5g&um=1&usg=__dYsCWoo86qqm-Di6yfTY8yxbdco=&tbnid=rGlrYkHhifgOEM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&ei=aVvmSI2eOKPcNNO_lPwL&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbacillus%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GGLJ_enUS269US270%26sa%3DN

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTESEUKARYOTES

• Plasma membranePlasma membrane

• CytoplasmCytoplasm

• CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

• RibosomesRibosomes

• OrganellesOrganelles that are membrane bound (ex. that are membrane bound (ex. mitochondria and chloroplasts)mitochondria and chloroplasts)

• Fossil evidence shows that eukaryotic cells have been Fossil evidence shows that eukaryotic cells have been on the earth for approximately 1 billion years. on the earth for approximately 1 billion years.

• Can be unicellular or multicellularCan be unicellular or multicellular

Animal CellAnimal Cell

Plant CellPlant Cell

Levels of organization in Levels of organization in multicellular organismsmulticellular organisms

• CellCell – basic unit of structure and function (ex. nerve) – basic unit of structure and function (ex. nerve)

• TissueTissue – groups of cells that work together to – groups of cells that work together to perform a common function (ex. spinal cord or perform a common function (ex. spinal cord or muscle cell)muscle cell)

• OrganOrgan – groups of tissues that work together to – groups of tissues that work together to perform a common function (ex. brain or heart)perform a common function (ex. brain or heart)

• Organ systems Organ systems – groups of organs that work – groups of organs that work together to perform a common function (ex. together to perform a common function (ex. cardiovascular or nervous system)cardiovascular or nervous system)

• BodyBody – groups of organ systems – groups of organ systems