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![Page 1: Introduction to Astronomy: Size Scales & Taxonomy Acknowledgements Tyler Nordgren & Julie Rathbun (University of Redlands) Lynne Raschke, Anne Metevier,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f395503460f94c55a5b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Introduction to Astronomy: Astronomy:
Size Scales & Size Scales & TaxonomyTaxonomy
Acknowledgements Tyler Nordgren & Julie Rathbun (University of Redlands)Lynne Raschke, Anne Metevier, Scott Seagroves, & Scott Severson (UCSC)
Photo credit: Roger Smith/NOAO/AURA/NSF
Kathy Cooksey
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Assignments
• APOD Presentations: July 10 Demo – http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap07071
0.html
• Astronomy Challenge– With every assignment comes a gift…
introduce planisphere– Due Friday July 20– Come to class with questions!! Please!– I’m free for study hall sessions
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The Universe …
![Page 4: Introduction to Astronomy: Size Scales & Taxonomy Acknowledgements Tyler Nordgren & Julie Rathbun (University of Redlands) Lynne Raschke, Anne Metevier,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f395503460f94c55a5b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
… from the Solar System…
![Page 5: Introduction to Astronomy: Size Scales & Taxonomy Acknowledgements Tyler Nordgren & Julie Rathbun (University of Redlands) Lynne Raschke, Anne Metevier,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f395503460f94c55a5b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
… to the Stars…
![Page 6: Introduction to Astronomy: Size Scales & Taxonomy Acknowledgements Tyler Nordgren & Julie Rathbun (University of Redlands) Lynne Raschke, Anne Metevier,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f395503460f94c55a5b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
… to the Milky Way …
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… and beyond.
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• How well do you know your own neighborhood?
• Imagine we shrink our solar system down to the scale where our Sun were the size of a volleyball:
– How big would the Earth be?– How far from the Sun would the Earth be?– How about Jupiter?
Size Scales
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Concept Question
What are the sizes of the planets if the Sun were 8” in diameter?
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Powers of Ten
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Powers of Homer
D’oh!
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Distance Units in Astronomy
• Astronomical Unit– Distance between Earth and Sun– 1 AU = 93 million miles = 150 million km
• Light-year– Distance light travels in one year– Light travels at velocity of 186,000 miles /
second– 1 l-y = 6 trillion miles = 9.5 trillion km
When we observe an object that is 900 light-years away, we see it as it was 900 years ago
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One More Distance Unit …
• Parsec– Distance to object
with parallax angle of one arcsecond
– Parallax angle = half of star’s apparent shift in sky when viewed two times, six months apart
– Arcsecond = 1/3600 of degree
– 1 parsec = 3.3 l-y
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A Tour of the Universe
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The Solar System
An Inventory
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What is the Solar System?• Sun and system of objects orbiting Sun• What’s in the Solar System?
One Star
Eight Planets
Dozens of moons
Thousands of asteroids
Trillions of comets
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Concept Question
What causes the moon to go through phases?
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The Sun, Earth, and Moon
Moon phases are caused by relative positions of Sun, Earth, and Moon
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Solar Eclipse
• Sometimes Moon passes between Sun and Earth
• Casts shadow on the Earth
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Lunar Eclipse
• Earth passes between Sun and Moon• Earth casts shadow on Moon
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Plane of Solar System
• Sun, Earth, and planets all lie in same plane
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Planets
• First step to studying planets?– Compare and
contrast
• What are important qualities?
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Terrestrial Planets
• Closest to Sun• Small
– Mass– Radius
• High density– Primarily rocky– Solid surface
• Few moons• No rings
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
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Jovian Planets
• Far from Sun• Large
– Mass– Radius
• Low density– Primarily gaseous– No solid surface
• Many moons• Many rings
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
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Dwarf Planets
• Eris– 27% larger than Pluto
• Twice as far
• Pluto– 19% radius of Earth
(743 mi)• 40 AU (30-49 AU)
• Ceres– 18% smallerthan
Pluto• 2.8 AU (Asteroid Belt)
Pluto: Eliot Young, APOD 3 Sep 2006
Eris: Keck Observatory, APOD 18 Sep 2006
Ceres: NASA, ESA, APOD 21 Aug 2006
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Rings
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• Jupiter’s four largest moons
• Similar in size to our moon
• Visible with binoculars
Galilean Moons
Io
Europa
Ganymede
Callisto
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Scale Model of the Solar System
Everyone up and out the door…
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THE SUNTHE SUN
The Closest Star
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Sunspots
• Appear in photosphere
• 11-year sunspot cycle
• Center = Umbra• Edge =
Penumbra
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Sunspots
SO
HO
Im
ag
es
20
01
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Solar Flare
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Aurora
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The Stars
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The Solar Neighborhood
The nearest star, Alpha Centauri, is 4.4 light-years away!
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Binary Stars
• Most stars in sky are in multiple systems that orbit each other.
• Binaries, triplets, quadruplets, etc…
• Sun is single star--unusual!
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Stellar Sizes
Supergiants, Giants, and Dwarfs
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Star clusters
Open Clusters
• Loose collection of stars
• Tens to over hundred stars
• Young stars
Globular Clusters
• Spherical shape• Hundreds of
thousands of stars
• Old stars
![Page 39: Introduction to Astronomy: Size Scales & Taxonomy Acknowledgements Tyler Nordgren & Julie Rathbun (University of Redlands) Lynne Raschke, Anne Metevier,](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f395503460f94c55a5b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Interstellar MediumInterstellar Medium
The Stuff Between Stars
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Distribution• Picture dust under your bed
– Fairly uniform thin layer– Some small clumps– Occasional big complexes
• Interstellar dust and gas is same
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Dark Nebulae
• Dust blocks some light
Copyright: AURA
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Reflection Nebulae
• Blue light is scattered by dust.
NGC 1788, Kathy Cooksey
Witchhead Nebula
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Emission Nebulae
• Some gas clouds shine because they are heated by young hot stars within them
Lagoon nebula Copyright - Jason Ware
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M57 – Ring Nebula Cat’s Eye
Eskimo Nebula Hourglass Nebula
Planetary Nebulae• Clouds of gas thrown off when star stops
burning
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Black Holes and Neutron Stars
Dead StarsCopyright – A. Hobart
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Neutron Stars• Giant ball of neutrons• Mass : at least 1.4 x
mass of Sun• Diameter: 20 km!• Density: 1018 kg/m3
– Thimble full weighs as much as mountain
• Spin once every 0.0001 to 1 second• Magnetic fields as strong as Sun, but in
space of a city
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Black Holes
• When high-mass star’s core is heavier than ~3 x Msun
– It collapses
– Density so high not even light escapes!
• Star collapses to form black hole
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Black Holes• Light bent by
gravity of black hole
• Event horizon is boundary inside which even light cannot escape
• Near event horizon, time slows down relative to distant observers
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Seeing Black Holes• Can’t see black hole
itself• Can see matter falling
into hole.• Gravitational forces
stretch and rip matter– Matter heats up
• Very hot objects emit in X-rays (e.g., interior of Sun)
• Cygnus X-1
Illustration Credit: M. Weiss
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Galaxies
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Optical emission from stars and nebulae
Milky Way
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Near-Infrared stellar emission – copyright E. L. Wright and COBE
The Milky Way
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Your are Here
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Other Galaxies
Galaxies come in many shapes and sizes.Milky Way is fairly large, massive galaxy
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Ellipticals• Huge• No gas• No dust• No young
stars• Nothing but
old stars.– Random
orbits
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M 87 Copyright – Anglo-Australian Telescope
Board
Jets
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Spirals
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Spirals
• Like Milky Way• Disks and
bulge• Young stars
and old• Gas and dust• Stars forming• Stars dying M81 and M82 – Copyright R. Gendler
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M63 Copyright – S. Miyazaki, Suburu
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NGC1365 Copyright – VLT
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M31 The Andromeda Galaxy Copyright – Jason Ware
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NGC 891 – Copyright WIYN
NGC 891 – Copyright J.C. Barentine, NOAO
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Irregulars
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Galaxy Groups
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Local Group
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Gala
xy
Merg
ers
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Patrik
Jon
sson
, UC
SC
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Interacting Galaxies
M51 Copyright – Tony and Daphne Hallas
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Interacting Galaxies
NGC4676: “The Mice” Copyright – ACS Science & Engineering Team, NASA
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Interacting Galaxies
Seyfert’s Sextet Copyright – J. English (U. Manitoba), C. Palma (PSU), et al., NASA
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Galaxy Clusters
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Hubble Deep Field
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Hubble Ultra Deep Field
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One Last Trip...
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Summary
• What new fact did you learn?– About the size of the Universe?– About what’s in the Universe?– About…?