Introduction to animal physiology - UZH to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for ......
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Introduction to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland Wildlife Digestive Physiology Course Vienna 2013
Transcript of Introduction to animal physiology - UZH to animal physiology Marcus Clauss Clinic for ......
Introduction to animal physiology
Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of
Zurich, Switzerland Wildlife Digestive Physiology Course Vienna 2013
Science of organismal function from the subcellular level to the whole organism. Describes interactions of organism and environment. Quantifies rules for functions, linking them to physical
and (bio)chemical principles.
Physiology
Cell physiology – molecular biology
Genome
Proteins & Pathways
Cell
Cell physiology – molecular biology
Genome
Proteins & Pathways
Cell
Tissue physiology
Tissue
Tissue physiology
Tissue
Organ physiology
Organ
Organ physiology
Organ
Organismal physiology
Individual
Organismal physiology
Individual
Organismal physiology
Individual
Population physiology - ecology
Population
Ecophysiology
Ecosystem
Evolutionary physiology
Basic function: synapomorphy
Basic function: parallel evolution
Basic functions
Cell
Organism
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment
Homeostasis
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment
Homeostasis
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment
Homeostasis
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Homeostasis Gas exchange
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Homeostasis Gas exchange
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Receptors
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Sensory organs, nervous system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Receptors
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Sensory organs, nervous system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Receptors
Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Sensory organs, nervous system
Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Receptors
Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Sensory organs, nervous system
Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Receptors
Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
Lysosomes
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Sensory organs, nervous system
Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
Immune system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction Defence
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Receptors
Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
Lysosomes
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Sensory organs, nervous system
Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
Immune system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction Defence
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Receptors
Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
Lysosomes
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Sensory organs, nervous system
Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
Immune system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction Defence
single cells to whole animals
Basic functions
Cell Modulating enzyme and
membrane properties Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O
production
Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes
Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules
Vacuoles
Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae
Receptors
Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis
Lysosomes
Organism Neuroendocrine feedback,
behavioural adjustment Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)
Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver Vascular system, heart
Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder
Musculoskeletal system
Sensory organs, nervous system
Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs
Immune system
Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply
Circulation Excretion
Movement Sensation
Reproduction Defence
single cells to whole animals
compartmentalization of body into groups of specialized cells control chemistry by building buffers between the uncontrolled environment and the
controlled space within each cell
Basic functions: fundamental options
‘conform’ no internal set point large variation ‘poikilo’
‘regulate’
internal set point
small variation
‘homeo’
Homeostasic control
Basic functions: fundamental options
‘conform’ no internal set point large variation ‘poikilo’ stable ‘steno’
poikilotherms are often stenotherms
‘regulate’
internal set point
small variation
‘homeo’
variable ‘eury’
homeotherms are often eurytherms
Homeostasic control
External conditions
500 kg 30 g
50000 kg 60 kg
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’
‘slow’
Life history
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high
‘slow’ low
Life history
Metabolism
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high short
‘slow’ low long
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high short
many, altricial
‘slow’ low long few, precocial
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
Young
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high short
many, altricial high
‘slow’ low long few, precocial low
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
Young Mortality
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘fast’ high short
many, altricial high
‘slow’ low long few, precocial low
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
Young Mortality
‘fast’ high short
many, altricial high
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘slow’ low long few, precocial low
Life history
Metabolism Times
(gestation, longevity, growth,
time to 1st reproduction)
Young Mortality
Basic functions: tradeoffs
‘slow’
‘fast’
Life history
Detailed function: adaptation/apomorphy
from Hill et al. (2004)
Detailed function: adaptation/apomorphy
from Hill et al. (2004)
Detailed function: adaptation/apomorphy
Am. J. Physiol. (1961)
Am. J. Physiol. (1990)
Two basic modes of adaptation
Two basic modes of adaptation
Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological challenge
Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological opportunity
Ecological challenge
Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological opportunity - reduction (saving)
Ecological challenge
- addition (cost)
Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological opportunity - reduction (saving)
Ecological challenge
- addition (cost)
high efficiency that is
often not able to use high resource availability
competitively
Two basic modes of adaptation
Ecological opportunity - reduction (saving)
Ecological challenge
- addition (cost)
Detailed function: convergence/homoplasy
from Hill et al. (2004)
Detailed function: convergence/homoplasy
Am. J. Physiol. (1996)
Detailed function: different solutions to the same problems
Characterising basic condition
Marine
Terrestrial
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous
Terrestrial thin
Medium
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy
Terrestrial thin
gravity
Medium Support
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
Medium Support Pressure
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
mostly 2 D
Medium Support Pressure
Dimensionality
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D high
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
mostly 2 D low
Medium Support Pressure
Dimensionality Conductance
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D high high
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
mostly 2 D low low
Medium Support Pressure
Dimensionality Conductance
Thermal stability
Characterising basic condition
Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D high high low
Terrestrial thin
gravity low
mostly 2 D low low
high
Medium Support Pressure
Dimensionality Conductance
Thermal stability Oxygen
Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)
Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)
Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)
Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)
Detailed function: solutions of different efficiency
from Hill et al. (2004)
- describes rules that determine function of biological units of varying complexity
- is linked to physical and biochemical principles - describes the link between the environment and the
biological unit - is linked, by describing different or similar solutions to
the same challenges, to evolutionary history
Physiology
- especially when done in a comparative approach is utterly fascinating because of the amazing variety of life and the possibility to categorize/catalogue it
Physiology
Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit !
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